Genetics And The Science Of The Future - 1693 Words

Bridget Noonan Miss Rodden English April 11, 2017 Genetics and the Science of the Future Inside each and every cell in your body is a strange chemical called deoxyribonucleic acid, better known as DNA. DNA is a double-helix structure that is made up of billions of nucleotides. They are adenosine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine, abbreviated A, T, C, and G, respectively. â€Å"The information content resides in those chemical bases arranged within the interior, where A always pairs with T, and C always pairs with G† (Collins 6). These base pairs are lined up in a pattern as rungs on the DNA â€Å"ladder†. A gene is a section of base pairs in the strand of DNA. The smallest genes span about a few hundred base pairs, and the largest†¦show more content†¦Some people have become susceptible to poisoning via fructose, a sugar commonly found in plants (Moalem 3). â€Å"One single letter change in a series of billions of letters and you’ve got bones that break with the slightest of pressure. Another small shift and you wouldn’t feel that brok en bone at all† (Moalem 171). The examples given in that quote are exceedingly rare mutations. One example of a much more common mutation is a mutation in lactase, an enzyme responsible for the digestion of milk. Production of lactase is typically ceased at about age 4, but some carry a mutation that allows them to digest milk their entire lives (â€Å"What is Mutation?† Learn.Genetics). In fact, this mutation is so common here in America that most people find it strange when someone is lactose-intolerant. This mutation in the production of lactase is one commonly found in people of European descent, and everyone in my family carries this mutation. Mutation is no longer an uncontrollable phenomenon. Scientists are now able to edit specific pieces of an organism’s genome. The edited organisms are known as genetically modified organisms, or GMOs. GMOs are created when scientists delete or alter a section of DNA or they insert a section of DNA that is either taken from another organism or made synthetically. â€Å"The process of creating GMOs is called genetic modification orShow MoreRelatedThe Use Of Genetics And Reproduction Essay1052 Words   |  5 PagesThe use of genetics and reproduction sciences has been an ongoing debate for years. Some argue that the use of genetics and reproduction sciences are unjust, unethical and inhumane. The other side of the debate argues that the use of such sciences is a â€Å"life saver†, that it will improve medical advancements, health, and society. Genetics and reproduction sciences are used for informing individuals about possible outcomes, abnormalities, and genes of current and future pregnancies. Genetic testing analyzesRead MoreBanning Designer Babies : An Experimental Technique1236 Words   |  5 Pagessuperficial approach. The more imposing science of gene therapy would attempt to take science further into the realm of altering physical characteristics ultimately allow parents to choose their babies eye color, gender, and other physical characteristics that have no bearing on the child s well being or health. The term now coined as â€Å"Designer Babies† is used to describe how by using gene therapy, parents can quite literally design their babies employing genetic screening combined with in vitro fertilizationRead MoreDesigner Babies : An Experimental Technique1220 Words   |  5 Pagessuperficial approach. The more imposing science of gene therapy would attempt to take science further into the realm of altering physical characteristics ultimately allow parents to choose their babies eye color, gender, and other physical characteristics that have no bearing on the child s well being or health. The term now coined as â€Å"Designer Babies† is used to describe how by using gene therapy, parents can quite literally design their babies employing genetic screening combined with in vitro fertilizationRead MoreEssay about The Human Genome Project1274 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Genetic engineering is, at best, a debatable branch of science. For some, it is the wave of the future: a method for perfecting the human genome, discarding flaws from infants before they are born and ensuring they live longer, healthier lives. For others, it is an abomination: a method of circumventing what nature gave you, and wholly unnatural. Which one is right?† (Bird). Naturally, genetics is the scientific study of inherited variations in the DNA strand. This topic sparked curiosity amongRead MoreEssay about Applications of Gene Modification869 Words   |  4 Pagesand hot button issues. New breakthroughs in science and techno logy can leave people upset and not ready for change. One of the most prevalent examples of a controversial science is genetic engineering. The modification of genes is becoming a popular application in science, but some people aren’t ready. Genetic engineering will play a big part in the scientific world in the next few years. Most people don’t think this is a good thing, but the use of genetic modification can increase the worlds standardRead MoreEssay on Genetic Engineering is Unethical1154 Words   |  5 Pagesmeaningful; (Wald 45). These words were spoken by a Nobel Prize winning biologist and Harvard professor, George Wald, in a lecture given in 1976 on the Dangers of Genetic Engineering. This quotation states that incredible inventions, such as genetic engineering, are not always beneficial to society. Genetic engineering is â€Å"altering the genetic material of cells and/or organisms in order to make them capable of making new substances or performing new f unctions; (Wald 45). It is also one of the top controversialRead MoreThe Controversies Of Gene Therapy1729 Words   |  7 PagesThe Controversies of Gene Therapy Demolishing genetic diseases from the human race has been and always will be a key role in science. However, there comes a point in time when moral standards have interjected the betterment of cleansing genetic diseases. One of the many branches of science that has the complete capability to exterminate our destiny of any genetic diseases, gene therapy, is being silenced due to the curse of society’s moral standards. There is a very narrow line in what is not morallyRead MoreNews And Bioethics: The Ethics Of Human Genome Editing.989 Words   |  4 PagesNews and Bioethics: The Ethics of Human Genome Editing Technology and science have changed the way society views the future. Reproductive technology, bio-medical technology, and even simple household appliances have changed how people live, think, and interact. According to Science Daily, scientists are researching another technological advancement to look forward to in the future, human genome editing. Human genome editing is a form of genome therapy. Genome Therapy refers to the removal of faultyRead MoreWhy Should We Learn About It?849 Words   |  4 PagesSTATEMENT OF PURPOSE Introduction There are many issues today involving genetics and inheritances; therefore, I want to introduce this subject to students and allow them the opportunity to learn about it. Before students begin this genetics heredity unit they should have a basic understanding of DNA, cellular reproduction, and the process of mitosis and meiosis. Additionally, this unit will contain activities that require students to expound upon critical and higher order thinking skills; I believeRead MoreShould We Learn About It?852 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction There are many issues today involving genetics and inheritances; therefore, I want to introduce this subject to students and allow them the opportunity to learn about it. Before students begin this genetics unit they should have a basic understanding of DNA, cellular reproduction, and the process of mitosis and meiosis. Additionally, this unit will contain activities that require students to employ critical and higher order thinking skills; I believe these skills can prepare students

Erfect Humans. WhatS So Great About Genetically Modified

erfect Humans What s so great about genetically modified human? For starts, one being is given the power to create people and fix them before they are even born. Genetically engineered organisms or GMO. Genetic engineering is changing a being s genetic code. They take a section of DNA and insert something else(the prospects of designer babies by Catalano Michael). GMO have much argument with it. Some people believe that it is against their morals. A church in Scotland is against this. They believe it is wrong to be â€Å"playing God.† On the other hand, people are saying that if they were given a chance to fix their child, they were genetically and that if the world has the option to change the genetic code of humans they should. The†¦show more content†¦This is an example of how much good can come to being able to genetically modify humans because doing it this time saved this little and I am sure it could save another kid in the future. If people were more accepting of gene therapy, then the FDA would not be too strict, then they would have more legroom to get fundings CRISPR/Cas9 is a type of treatment that is common during gene therapy. This kind of therapy engages an enzyme complex called CRISPR/Cas9. It is found in bacteria. It works together with Ca9, and it is an enzyme that cuts DNA, so pretty much this is like scissors that can cut DNA. How does CRI SPR/cas9 work? Well, In the beginning, CRISPR/Cas9 complex looks around the cell s DNA till it spots and connects to a sequence that correlates to the CRISPR. This was all said by Biochemist John Reidhaar-Olson. So in other terms, the Enzyme will scan the DNA in the cell until it finds its match, Then it will attach itself to that sequence of the DNA. A university in Japan injected CRISPR/Cas9 into human embryos to fix a fatal blood disease called Thalassaemia. They got the Embryos from a local clinic. None of the embryos could be born because they were fertilized with two sperms. In the end, the Embryos were found not to have the fatal blood diseases anymore. Thus showing how useful CRISPR/Cas9 is when doing gene therapy. (Tanya Lewis) Some downsides and incidents have happened during gene

The Literacy Rate Of The United States - 1361 Words

Education in Election 2016 Rates of literacy in the United States depend on how education in public and private schools providing to students and how it is affecting them to build bright futures. American literacy rate has not been changed since ten years, that’s sounds really sad that we are not continuing with our American dream. Who should we blame for this downfall in nation s education system? Our president, or department of education. Nobody will have better answers for our question. According to the study, which conduct by the National Institute of literacy, says over 36 million Americans can’t read. Over 21 percent of the population can’t read below 5th grade level. In addition, 19 percent of High School graduates can’t read. Who is responsible for this? Parents, students or government. 14 percent of our nation is at a below basic level of reading, which is alarming because being illiterate takes away the ability for an individual to provide a life for themselves without relying on the government. In addition, the fact that 85 percent of juvenile lawbreakers are at below basic reading levels shows that the less educated a person is, the more likely it is for them to end up committing crimes. Our nation should take this problem seriously and implement some programs, Associates with education across the country to help the adults in this country who don t know how to read and write. Additionally, a quality education should be certified for every child in America soShow MoreRelatedCenter for Literacy905 Words   |  4 Pages1 Overview Literacy is important in our everyday lives. According to the Center for Literacy in the United States of America, â€Å"Literacy is a complex set of abilities needed to understand and use symbols and systems of a culture – alphabets, numbers, and visual icons – for personal and community development†. â€Å"The nature of these abilities, and the demand for them, vary from one context to another. These skills are clearly being found necessary in our everyday lives† (Center For Literacy, 2012). SeveralRead MoreTwo Other Aspects In The Health Category Are Life Expectancy1395 Words   |  6 Pageshealth category are life expectancy and infant mortality rates. The United Arab Emirates has a life expectancy rate of 76.96 years and an infant mortality rate of 12.7%, which this mortality rate seems high, but sadly are much higher ones out there. Oman has a life expectancy rate of 76.59 years and an infant mortality rate of 16.8%, a little higher than the UAEâ₠¬â„¢s. Saudi Arabia has a life expectancy rate of 75.50 years and an infant mortality rate of 11.5%, a little lower than the UAE’s. But when comparingRead MoreThe Condition Of Iraq s Demographic State Is Not Good872 Words   |  4 PagesGeo Scanlan 11/20/15 Dear Mr. President of Iraq Fuad Masum, The condition of Iraq’s demographic state is not good. The literacy rate, especially for women is very low and could be improved upon. The population growth shows the characteristics of a poor country because of the low amount of elderly and the low median age. There are also problems like the low life expectancy. Compared to the United States Iraq’s life expectancy is low. These problems can be fixed to improve your country s status andRead MoreLiteracy Level And Educational Attainment1504 Words   |  7 Pages Literacy level and educational attainment are main development indicators in development nation like India. Better literacy and educational level definitely have a positive impact on the health and other development index India is the largest democracy in the world. (Dr. Dinesh Das 2012) According to Census 2011, there are 1.2 billion people in the country, out of which, about 833 million people live in rural areas. Census 2011 data on disability has not been announced yet United Nations observedRead MoreComparing India And The United States965 Words   |  4 Pagesexamples of being developed and developing are the United States and India. This classification of countries is often based on their economic status. Examples of economic categories that differentiate which countries are developed and developing are unemployment levels, living conditions, and economic growth. Despite countries being developed and developing, they all are always trying to improve their economic status. Com paring India and the United States, one can gain a better understanding of the differencesRead MoreInadequate Health Literacy Is A Hidden Crisis Essay1118 Words   |  5 PagesInadequate health literacy is a hidden crisis that is plaguing our nation. The ability to obtain, process, and understand health information needed to make informed health decisions is known as health literacy. The current health care system is biased on the notion that patients can fully comprehend health information and navigate through a complex health system. According to the 2003 National Assessment of Adult Literacy, only 12% of adults in the United States have proficient health literacy, while 30Read MoreNational Assessment Of Adult Literacy1104 Words   |  5 Pagesschool. Literacy is vital element to education and illiteracy can greatly affect an individual. The National Assessment of Adult Literacy states that literacy is â€Å"using printed and written information to function in society, to ac hieve one’s goals, and to develop one’s knowledge and potential† (â€Å"Literacy Surveys†). Without the ability to read, an individual cannot achieve any of their goals or rise to meet their potential. People are looking to the government for funding to resolve the literacy issueRead MoreWhat Are The Impact Of Unemployment In Amemeconomics?751 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to CIA World Factbook (Factbook), as of July 2017 the United Arab Emirates total population was approximately 6,072,475. However, there is a note on the source that states the United Nations (UN) estimated the country’s population 9,400,145 as of mid-year 2017 with immigrants taking up about 80% of the population. The last reported population growth was at 2.4% (est. 2017) translating to approximately 145,000 new net residents per year based on UN’s estimated population of the country.Read MoreHealth Literacy And Its Effects On Hispanic Population With Diabetes1715 Word s   |  7 PagesHealth Literacy and its effects on Hispanic Population with Diabetes Background Health Literacy In 2003 The United States Department of Education completed the National Assessment of Adult Literacy (NAAL) and for the first and only time, so far, it also included items to measure the Health literacy level of adults in the U.S. This assessment intended to measure the capacity of adult individuals to sucessfully comprehend the healthcare system, basic understanding of medical conditions and all knowledgeRead MoreEducation is Key to the Development of a Country Essay1204 Words   |  5 Pageseconomic progression of a country is not measured by the literacy rate of the country or number of people who are educated. One cannot say that a country is developed and progressive only by taking account of its literacy rate. There are many other factors like peace, security and stable economy which are also responsible for economic development and progress of a country. Srilanka is a country with 91.2 % literacy rate (UNICEF). This literacy rate is highest among the other South-Asian countr ies but

Should Abortion Be Legal Essay - 1485 Words

Biology 3.2 - Who Cares! - Abortion Introduction: So I have chosen for my topical socio-scientific subject to research abortion. Question: The issue that I am going to pose a question for is: Should abortion be legal in NZ for women looking to terminate possible problem children/unwanted/unplanned pregnancies. Personal Info: Firstly, just a quick primer on just what kind of person I am so you can know what to expect from my reactions to some of this information. I wouldn’t say I’m a particularly religious person but the idea of choosing whether or not to let a new life exist is a great one to try and decide over. The complications of what exactly happen are still quite unknown to me as nobody actually knows the meaning of life or own purpose in the universe so to extinguish a life could change. Biological Processes: Abortion: What is abortion, abortion is the removal or termination of a pregnancy. â€Å"Abortion is a medical procedure to end a pregnancy. There are two methods available in Aotearoa New Zealand and both need approval from two certifying doctors to be legal.† (resource 2) I didn’t know that two doctors were required in NZ, I think that this may have something to do with making sure people are 100% sure abortion is the option for them. â€Å"In Aotearoa New Zealand the law says it is legal to have an abortion if two certifying doctors agree that continuing the pregnancy would result in serious danger to a woman’s mental or physical health. The consultants may alsoShow MoreRelatedAbortion Should Not Be Legal1647 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the most highly debated topics is abortion and whether or not it should be legal. People who oppose abortion, meaning they are pro-life claim that abortion should be completely illegal with no aspects of it whatsoever; it can be a murder for the people standing against it. The other side of the argument, meaning people who are pro-choice, defend it by believing it to be a right been given to the women. They also claim even if abortion was to be illegal, it would still be practiced. EveryRead MoreAbortion Should Not Be Legal920 Words   |  4 Pagesworld has struggled with for ages and one thing that people are advocating around the world for is abortion. Abortion is either a procedure or pill that stops a fetus s heart. Abortion should not be legal because life beings at creation, abortions are a direct violation of the 14th amendment, and thousands of people would love to adopt a child: handicapped or otherwise. Abortion should not be legal because life begins at creation. What is creation? Some people say conception, but it actually isRead MoreAbortion Should Not Be Legal Essay1596 Words   |  7 Pages Abortions have been performed on women for thousands of years. Abortion is the deliberate termination of a human pregnancy. Most often it is performed during the first 20 weeks of being pregnant. The controversy over whether or not abortion should be legal continues to divide Americans till this day. An important landmark case was the Roe v. Wade case, where the Court argued that the zone of privacy was broad enough to encompass a woman s decision whether or not to terminateRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?1135 Words   |  5 PagesKelsi Hodgkin Composition 1 Professor Chipps 19 October 2015 Should Abortion Be Legal A common debate in the world today involves abortion, the deliberate end of human pregnancy, and whether or not it should be legalized. â€Å"Every year in the world there are an estimated 40-50 million abortions. This corresponds to approximately 125,000 abortions per day† (â€Å"Abortions Worldwide this Year†). On one side of the argument, people are not disturbed by this grotesque number, and on theRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?963 Words   |  4 PagesLegal or Illegal? Which would you prefer? Not many are willing to discuss such a gut wrenching topic, but this needs to be addressed. It is a very controversial topic with having to do with women rights and activists. Since there are two sides to every argument, there is one side such as to make abortion legal and the opposing side to keep abortions illegal. In my opinion making abortion illegal can regulate the amount of women who do get pregnant. I believe that making abortions legal will let womenRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?867 Words   |  4 PagesABORTION Abortion is a deliberate termination of a human pregnancy, most often performed the first 20 weeks of pregnancy. There are series of legal, moral and ethical issues which may arise about abortion. Most arguments about abortion are often focused on political insinuations and the legal aspect of such actions. Some frequently asked questions’ regarding the issue is if the practice should be outlawed and regarded as murder or should women have the right to practice it. For example, prior toRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?1320 Words   |  6 PagesAbortion, as you all may know, is a really popular topic. There have long been many debates between the two groups, pro-life and pro-choice. People who are pro-life believe that part of the government’s job is to protect all forms of human life. Those who are pro-choice believe that every individual should have control over their own reproductive systems. Pro-life supporters strongly believe that even an undeveloped fetus has li fe; it is still growing and it needs to be protected. And this soundsRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?1217 Words   |  5 PagesNovember 2015 Should Abortion be Legal Among all the issues that have been fought for or against in the United States, abortion may be one of the most popular issues that Americans are passionate about. Abortion is defined as the removal of the embryo or fetus from the uterus in order to end a pregnancy. Thousands of abortions take place every single day, and yet public opinion remains at a standstill as to whether or not abortion is ethical. Everyone holds different opinions on abortion. The proponentsRead MoreShould Abortions Be Legal?939 Words   |  4 PagesShould abortions be legal? Abortions have been a big issue since the Roe v Wade case. There have been a lot of disagreements between the Pro-life supporters and the pro-choice supporters. Pro-life supporters feel like abortions deter murder, while pro-choice supporters believe that the women should be able to make their own decisions. I am a part of the pro-life supporters because I feel like abortions are wrong for several of reasons. Why should women get an abor tion if there are other choices forRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal? Essay1089 Words   |  5 PagesWhen the word abortion is heard, it is always associated with many negative things such as murder and inhumanity. However not legalizing abortion creates a huge problem for women around the world. Having a child takes consideration, planning and preparation and if pregnancy happens without any of this, why bother to have it at all? The reasons why abortion should be legal is that it supports the fundamental human rights for women by giving them a choice, it reduces crime by reducing the number of

One of the Most Incredibly Ignored Systems for Comparing Movies Essay Samples

One of the Most Incredibly Ignored Systems for Comparing Movies Essay Samples The Pain of Comparing Movies Essay Samples In a careful analysis of the 2 cultures, an individual can barely observe any similarities. You just have to order a great essay from experts with the greatest academic degrees in an assortment of fields. High school, college, and sometimes even university students from all around the world are writing persuasive essays. Students who excel in writing about such complex topic can have an opportunity to be enrolled into a number of the very best Art universities to come up with their abilities and talent. If you'll write a comparative essay, you will need to get a notion of the impacts of distinct aspects to the result which you could get at the conclusion of the writing activity. Prior to starting any paper, you want to get an understanding of the way to write it. If necessary, you could always turn to professionals to supply you with a nudge or assist you with your topics or sources. Audience impact partly be based on the preferences of the folks. By comparison, Jonathan's decision to carry on playing Rollerball doesn't directly influence the Energy Corporation. Bridget's essay is extremely strong, but there continue to be a couple little things that could be made better. Stephen's essay is quite effective. If you would like to figure out how to compose a decent persuasive essay, you're looking in the proper spot! You could also see totally free essay. You might also see analytical essay. You might also see descriptive essay. You might also see comparative essay. Comparing Movies Essay Samples - Overview It's possible for you to consider any Movie Essay that's been written on any renowned movie, and which is well worth a mention. Movie Essay also enables you to be aware of the art of film making as well. A Movie Essay may also discuss the a variety of techniques implemented in film making. You can easily locate a well written Movie Essay on the web, and if you're really interested, it is possible to even obtain a movie essay online. When you visit the movies you have to be on time. At the movies you must whisper should you need to talk. Now once you visit the movies you get to select your time to begin the movie. Nonetheless, movies have greater impact on people since they have a broader audience. The Foolproof Comparing Movies Essay Samples Strategy Since you may see, the topics are broken up into multiple categories so it would be simpler that you select one. Before you begin, it is imperative to choose topics that you truly know well. Persuasive essay topics don't always must be of a severe nature, you can write about things that are related in your life. Most academic essay topics usually ask you to choose a side in an argument or maybe to defend a specific side against criticism. You are able to restate your thesis statement and point out a number of the arguments used over the whole essay that backs it up. It is crucial to choose a minumum of one example and create a paragraph with the counter-argument too. You must research the selected topic and discover facts to contradict your primary thesis. You must research your topic to select three claims. There are many possible compare and contrast essay topics, and a number of them are really hard to perform. When you're selecting an essay topic, it is necessary to select one which has a lot of information and statistics to back up your standpoint, and don't exaggerate any info you have chosen to write about. The first thing you have to do before you get started writing is to pick an acceptable topic to write about. Lucky for you, there are several topics you could concentrate on when writing and it's all your responsibility to establish the precise topic that you would like to build on. Definitely, all his relatives are predicted to be immortal because all of them have a good deal of time in their hands. Being in a cinema there are lots of rules you must go by while at house you could have some rules but much less strict. In India, being part of the family is easily the most valuable thing. For example an individual may opt for a topic like, life in the shoes of a werewolf. Comparing Movies Essay Samples Secrets That No One Else Knows About The very first thing you ought to do is identify the form of compare and contrast essay which you are handling. Just because you're given total freedom what you're going to write, does not signify you should write casually without giving any proof. Therefore, for something so short, it might be overlooked as not being as vital as other pieces of the paper. By observing the differences between the two sorts of bags, you will have the ability to find that using paper is better than using plastic.

Macroeconomic Variables & Exchange Rate-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Macroeconomic Variables Exchange Rate. Answer: Introduction: The building block of world economy is the globalization that has helps the nations to be connected thoroughly through share and exchange of goods and services. These goods and services can range from anything from consumer goods, business outsourcing service, industrial input as well as final goods or even intangible services including technology, research and development components and so on. In the modern world full of international trade and business taking place among nations, exchange rate plays pivotal role in the transactions. Exchange rate is generally the price derived from currency corresponding to one nation in terms of the currency operating in another nation. It depicts the value of one currency in exchange of the other currency. It helps in determining prices of goods and services exported from a country and determine the price to be paid for import made by the country. Prices vary as per value of internationally standardized exchange rate is changing in terms of revaluation or devaluation of national exchange rate. This paper is prepared to discuss one selected article that analyses the important influence of macroeconomic variables like rate of interest on the exchange rate. The article includes study of exchange rate fluctuation is done with the help of theoretical as well as applicatory evidences (Ramasamy, Ravindran, and Abar 2015). The aim of this paper is to bring out the underlying economic theory applied in the chosen article and pose a discussion thoroughly keeping parity with the idea synthesized in the article. Discussion: Evidence Method Of Research: The article analyzes the impact various macroeconomic variables of a nation has on its exchange rate. In any economy when viewed through macro lens, various important variables are found to influence the overall economic performance of it. Exchange rate is one of the important economic indicator that strongly get influenced by the variables operative in macro economy such as rate of interest, rate of inflation, balance of payments, tax rates and so on. These factors are unstable and connected to the different nature that economies of different nations have. These further make the exchange rate volatile, which comes with deeper impacts evident in the condition of trade, business and investment decisions made. With making an introduction of the exchange rate and its importance, the paper goes on showing the relationship of it with other macroeconomic variables with the help of regression analysis. To analyze the roles of macroeconomic variables on exchange rate and its fluctuation annual exchange rate data of three countries has been collected. Generally the data regarding AUD/USD, Euro/USD, AUD/Euro are arranged. Germany , United States and Australia are strong global economies operating with less unemployment and budget deficit. Ten years time series data are incorporated that brings forth 30 samples (Ramasamy, Ravindran, and Abar 2015). Using bootstrapping method the sample size has been increased and the regression has been run to assess the impact. Multi models are applied with following proper link with the complementary variables in order to find out the best model. The model B that briefs down that excluding employment and deficit budget, almost all of the macroeconomic variable influences exchange rate significantly. Majority of the macroeconomic variable found to be affecting the exchange rate with a sign opposite to the expectations formed in favor of them. The conc lusion has been made that psychological factors such as confidence of the investors exerts dominance upon the economic variables in order to decide the fluctuation in exchange rate. Macroeconomic Theory : Exchnage Rate: Exchange rate of a country is the depiction of the valuation of the national currency in terms of other international currency while exchanging goods and services in any transaction. It refers to the unit of domestic currency needed to acquire one unit of foreign currency. So it can refer to the price of foreign currency paid in terms of domestic currency. For example, Dollar-Euro exchange rate is given by, 1 USD= 0.85 Euro which implies to buy 1 unit of US dollar, 0.85 Euro is required. Exchange rates are of following types: Nominal Exchange Rate: In general terms, the exchange rate of any currency in terms of other is called the nominal exchange rate. The term nominal refers to money value hence it is a bilateral concept. Real Exchange Rate: It refers to the rate at which domestic goods are exchanged foreign goods and services than actual rate at which exchange of currencies take place. RER refers to the amount of domestic goods to be given up in order to derive one unit of foreign goods. Effective Exchange Rate: It is measured as weighted average of nominal exchange rate (NER). The weights are considered as share of the other countries involved in trade with the nation in question. Suppose US trades with (70 percent of share) and India (30 percent) only. The NER of the USD are 0.58 INR and 0.0089 Japanese Yen. Then EER= 0.7(0.0089) + 0.3(0.58) = 0.180 This implies for $0.180, one can buy basket containing 0.7 yen and 0.3 INR. Spot Exchange Rate: The spot exchange rate refers to the rate applicable for any transaction taking place on immediate basis Forward Exchange Rate: The forward exchange rate refers to an agreement made upon on the exchange rates of two currencies that is to be applicable in future date as agreed. The exchange rate of a nation is determined by the supply and demand of foreign currency in the foreign exchange market of any specific country. Demand for foreign currency stems form import of good sand services and denotes a capital outflow. The supply of the same is indication of capital inflow as it helps earning that through export. Based on the interventions and operations of the market the nations decides upon the regime its exchange rate is going to have. Exchange rates can be fixed or free floating or mixed of both the system. Flexible exchange rate system: The supply and demand curve of foreign currency are plotted against the exchange rate e. Rise in e implies depreciation of home currency as more of it has to be forgone to buy one unit of foreign currency. This situation discourages import and encourages export. As a result demand for the foreign currency would be lower whereas supply of it will be higher with respect to rise in e and this further explains the slope of the demand and supply curves Here the exchange rate is determined by the market force excluding the intervention made by central bank hence the exchange rate is known as flexible exchange rate. Now suppose due to any exogenous reason the supply of foreign currency increases due to say increase in the demand of domestic currency by the foreign counterparts, then supply curve would shift rightward and make the exchange rate fall. This is called appreciation exchange rate that makes foreign currency less costlier now in terms of home currency Fixed exchange rate system: Here the exchange rate is not determined by the free force of foreign exchange market but by the influence and discretion of central bank of nation. The bank can decide upon what is going to be the exchange rate and fixed the value accordingly and makes upward revision called devaluation of home currency or revaluation of foreign currency and if makes downward revision of that then revaluation of home currency equivalent to devaluation of foreign currency happens. According as the exchange rate the demand and supply of foreign exchange are manipulated and maintained. To meet the excess demand or supply of foreign exchange, the national bank resorts to depletion or addition to its foreign exchange reserves. Importance of exchange rate in an economy: In determining the prices of transaction and in indentifying the mode of hedging to avoid risk associated with it, in determining the quantum of foreign trade and its direction, exchange rate plays crucial role. Various macroeconomic variables of home and foreign country exerts influence on equilibrium of the exchange rate and its fluctuation. Fluctuations in short run are subject to temporary economic upheaval. The income and capital inflows and outflows in terms of foreign direct investments impact the state of exchange rate that further impacts the investment and business decisions made by other countries with any specific nation. The fluctuation of exchange rate determines the balance of trade and foreign reserve of the country too Macroeconomic Variables Influencing Exchange Rate: Interest Rate: It refers to the amount to be paid as interest as proportion to the amount lent or borrowed by individual and the rate is charged by banks. The prevailing interest rate of both the home and foreign country plays important role in determining exchange rates. The lending rate is increased by central bank amidst inflationary pressure in order to make borrowing expensive and makes reduction money supply. If changes in home interest rate is not matched by change in foreign interest rate, then demand and supply equilibrium of money gets disrupted causing fluctuation exchange rate. This can bring forth profitable borrowing and investing between countries if not arbitrage take place. But same might not be derived if the foreign nation revises its interest as the home. Inflation Rate: The inflation rate refers to the increase in general price level prevailing in any nation. It is measured by Consumer Price Index. Inflation is equivalent to depreciation of home currency that reduces its value and makes he foreign currency valuable and dearer as well. The exchange rate and inflation rate is found to be negatively correlated. Balance of Payment: The balance of payments (BOP) is a net indicator of capital flows of foreign currencies. The balance of payment indicates the net capital flow of a country. It is consisted of current account and capital account. The transaction of goods and services, interest payments and unilateral transfers are recorded in current account records. The inflows add as credit and outflows deducts as debit and the net of balance the result in deficit or surplus in current account in a given year. The capital account records the inflows and outflows. of FDIs and the portfolio. Both of these accounts determine the quantum of foreign exchange reserve that further impacts the exchange rate. Budget Deficit: When the expenditure of the country is more than the income or revenue earned, then the country is said to be running under budget deficit. To finance the deficit government can resort to borrowing fro other nations that leads to interest payment. The exchange rate determines the cost of borrowing. The borrowing or lending influences the balance of payment that impacts the foreign exchange in turn. There is no direct impact found of the deficit budget on the exchange rat even though the reverse is quite applicable. Regression Analysis: The tool of the analysis applied in the article has been regression analysis. In the econometric theory, regression analysis refers to finding out the impact of one or more variable known as independent variable on the dependent variable in presence of some ssumptions. In the paper the regression equation has been termed as: = + + + + , = 1, , . where y = Exchange rate a = Intercept = coefficient of regression that is to be estimated x = Independent variable i = List of independent variables x1= interest rates (Relative) x2= inflation rate (Relative) x3= balance of payments (Relative) x4= employment rate (Relative) x5= corruption index (Relative) x6= gross domestic product (Relative) x7= deficit/surplus rate (Relative) x8= tax rate (Relative) x9= borrowing (Relative) In terms of all of these macroeconomic variable theimpact of them on the rate of exchange is determined (Ramasamy, Ravindran, and Abar 2015). Conclusion: The investigation of the three economically sound economies exchange rate has led to revelation of important facts and discussions regarding the relationship of various macroeconomic variables that a country have with the exchange rate. The results of the empirical study show interesting result. Balance of payment, inflation rate and interest rate found to have negative relation with exchange rate as opposed to the theory that induces positive result. The reason behind such is the strength of currency backed by public and investors confidence. The independent variables have complex interrelationships that is failed to be captured by the traditional regression analysis. The discussion presented in paper enlighten us about the economic theory underlying the exchange rate system of a nation that plays important role in economic performance through trade, investment and final impact on GDP. The revelation help the layman know about what should be the macroeconomic policies manipulating t he variables to deal with exchange rate risks and problems in order to make the economy more healthy and stable References Akbar, Muhammad, Shahid Ali Khan, and Faisal Khan. "The relationship of stock prices and macroeconomic variables revisited: Evidence from Karachi stock exchange." (2012). Berman, Nicolas, Philippe Martin, and Thierry Mayer. "How do different exporters react to exchange rate changes?."The Quarterly Journal of Economics 127, no. 1 (2012): 437-492. Combes, Jean-Louis, Tidiane Kinda, and Patrick Plane. "Capital flows, exchange rate flexibility, and the real exchange rate."Journal of Macroeconomics34, no. 4 (2012): 1034-1043. Diebold, Francis X.Empirical modeling of exchange rate dynamics. Vol. 303. Springer Science Business Media, 2012. Eichengreen, Barry, and Raul Razo?Garcia. "How reliable are de facto exchange rate regime classifications?."International Journal of Finance Economics 18, no. 3 (2013): 216-239. Frenkel, Jacob A., and Harry G. Johnson, eds.The Economics of Exchange Rates (Collected Works of Harry Johnson): Selected Studies. Vol. 8. Routledge, 2013. Glzmann, Pablo Alfredo, Eduardo Levy-Yeyati, and Federico Sturzenegger. "Exchange rate undervaluation and economic growth: Daz Alejandro (1965) revisited."Economics Letters117, no. 3 (2012): 666-672. Magud, Nicolas E., Carmen M. Reinhart, and Esteban R. Vesperoni. "Capital inflows, exchange rate flexibility and credit booms."Review of Development Economics18, no. 3 (2014): 415-430. Pramod Kumar, N. A. I. K., and Padhi Puja. "The impact of macroeconomic fundamentals on stock prices revisited: An evidence from Indian data." (2012). Ramasamy, Ravindran, and Soroush Karimi Abar. "Influence of macroeconomic variables on exchange rates."Journal of Economics, Business Management3, no. 2 (2015): 276-281. Reboredo, Juan C. "Modelling oil price and exchange rate co-movements."Journal of Policy Modeling34, no. 3 (2012): 419-440. Tsangarides, Charalambos G. "Crisis and recovery: Role of the exchange rate regime in emerging market economies."Journal of Macroeconomics34, no. 2 (2012): 470-488. Williamson, John. "The future exchange rate regime."PSL Quarterly Review28, no. 113 (2014). Wu, Jing Cynthia, and Fan Dora Xia. "Measuring the macroeconomic impact of monetary policy at the zero lower bound."Journal of Money, Credit and Banking48, no. 2-3 (2016): 253-291.

Pursuit of Profits Increase

Question: Discuss about the Pursuit of Profits Increase. Answer: Producers in the pursuit of profits increase their output provided that revenue generated from production of an additional unit exceeds its cost similarly when cost of producing an additional unit exceeds the revenue, production ceases. In a competitive market, the supply and demand forces determine the market equilibrium. Introduction of a government subsidy lowers cost of production (Varian, 2014). Resulting in a reduction in the equilibrium price paid by the consumers and an increase in production due to increase in quantity demanded. This in effect increases both the consumer and producer surplus(Mas-Colell, Whinston, Green, 1995). However there is a loss of total welfare as the outlay of the subsidy exceeds the benefits. There is no obvious solution or policy to imperfect competition that does not distort the overall market economy. References Mas-Colell, A., Whinston, M. D., Green, J. R. (1995). Microeconomic theory (Vol. 1). Oxford university press New York. Varian, H. R. (2014). Intermediate Microeconomics: A Modern Approach: Ninth International Student Edition. WW Norton Company.