Acid Rain Essays (1227 words) - Inorganic Solvents, Mineral Acids

Acid Rain Essays (1227 words) - Inorganic Solvents, Mineral Acids Acid Rain Acid rain is a serious problem with disastrous effects. Each day this serious problem increases, many people believe that this issue is too small to deal with right now this issue should be met head on and solved before it is too late. In the following paragraphs I will be discussing the impact has on the wildlife and how our atmosphere is being destroyed by acid rain. CAUSES Acid rain is a cancer eating into the face of Eastern Canada and the North Eastern United States. In Canada, the main sulphuric acid sources are non(c)ferrous smelters and power generation. On both sides of the border, cars and trucks are the main sources for nitric acid(about 40% of the total), while power generating plants and industrial commercial and residential fuel combustion together contribute most of the rest. In the air, the sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides can be transformed into sulphuric acid and nitric acid, and air current can send them thousands of kilometres from the source.When the acids fall to the earth in any form it will have large impact on the growth or the preservation of certain wildlife. NO DEFENCE Areas in Ontario mainly southern regions that are near the Great Lakes, such substances as limestone or other known antacids can neutralize acids entering the body of water thereby protecting it. However, large areas of Ontario that are near the Pre(c)Cambrian Shield, with quartzite or granite based geology and little top soil, there is not enough buffering capacity to neutralize even small amounts of acid falling on the soil and the lakes. Therefore over time, the basic environment shifts from an alkaline to a acidic one. This is why many lakes in the Muskoka, Haliburton, Algonquin, Parry Sound and Manitoulin districts could lose their fisheries if sulphur emissions are not reduced substantially. ACID The average mean of pH rainfall in Ontario's Muskoka(c)Haliburton lake country ranges between 3.95 and 4.38 about 40 times more acidic than normal rainfall, while storms in Pennsilvania have rainfall pH at 2.8 it almost has the same rating for vinegar. Already 140 Ontario lakes are completely dead or dying. An additional 48 000 are sensitive and vulnerable to acid rain due to the surrounding concentrated acidic soils.? ACID RAIN CONSISTS OF....? Canada does not have as many people, power plants or automobiles as the United States, and yet acid rain there has become so severe that Canadian government officials called it the most pressing environmental issue facing the nation. But it is important to bear in mind that acid rain is only one segment, of the widespread pollution of the atmosphere facing the world. Each year the global atmosphere is on the receiving end of 20 billion tons of carbon dioxide, 130 million tons of suffer dioxide, 97 million tons of hydrocarbons, 53 million tons of nitrogen oxides, more than three million tons of arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, nickel, zinc and other toxic metals, and a host of synthetic organic compounds ranging from polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs) to toxaphene and other pesticides, a number of which may be capable of causing cancer, birth defects, or genetic imbalances. COST OF ACID RAIN Interactions of pollutants can cause problems. In addition to contributing to acid rain, nitrogen oxides can react with hydrocarbons to produce ozone, a major air pollutant responsible in the United States for annual losses of $2 billion to 4.5 billion worth of wheat, corn, soyabeans, and peanuts. A wide range of interactions can occur many unknown with toxic metals. In Canada, Ontario alone has lost the fish in an estimated 4000 lakes and provincial authorities calculate that Ontario stands to lose the fish in 48 500 more lakes within the next twenty years if acid rain continues at the present rate.Ontario is not alone, on Nova Scotia's Eastern most shores, almost every river flowing to the Atlantic Ocean is poisoned with acid. Further threatening a $2 million a year fishing industry. ? Acid rain is killing more than lakes. It can scar the leaves of hardwood forest, wither ferns and lichens, accelerate the death of coniferous needles, sterilize seeds, and weaken the forests to a state that is vulnerable to disease infestation and decay. In the soil the acid neutralizes chemicals vital for growth, strips others from the soil and carries them to the lakes and literally retards the respiration of the soil. The rate of forest growth in the White Mountains of New Hampshire has declined 18% between 1956 and 1965, time of increasingly intense acidic rainfall. Acid rain no longer falls exclusively on the lakes, forest, and thin soils of the Northeast it now covers half

Free Essays on The Symbolism In “To His Coy Mistress“

The Symbolism in â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† We all have the choice either to take advantage of time or allow time to take advantage of us. This choice has been a struggle for everyone in some point in their lifetime. It has also been a topic in many literary pieces, for example this idea is presented in â€Å"To His Coy Mistress†, a poem by Andrew Marvell. In this poem, the opportunity of living life to the fullest or choosing to waste your time is supplied through symbolism. According to Webster’s Dictionary and Thesaurus symbolism is, â€Å"conveying impressions by suggestion rather than by direct statements†(â€Å"symbolism†). Using symbolism to express ideas makes it possible to visualize things that are not usually perceived, and in this case it makes time seem almost visible. Time is symbolized through a lover attempting to seduce a mistress, â€Å"a lady to whom courtesy and courtly convention and erotic longing attribute a superordinate status, a power to command†(Atlantic), into having a sexual relationship with him. The idea that time is running out is expressed throughout the poem, as the lover uses this excuse for wanting that sort of relationship so urgently. The very first line, â€Å"Had we but world enough, and time†(1) brings out the focus of time directly. It is then reinforced through hyperbole in the following phrases such as â€Å"A hundred years should go to praise / Thine eyes, and on thy forehead gaze; / Two hundred to adore each breast, / But thirty thousand to the rest; / An age at least to every part†(13-17). These lines symbolize the lack of time the lover has to show his mistress the love she is worthy of, â€Å"For, Lady, you deserve this state†(19). He tries to make her feel exceptional, so that he can seduce her into making love with him. Marvell then continues on to symbolize the lack of time using other literary devices. Running out of time is shown in several descriptive ways. For example, the pe... Free Essays on The Symbolism In â€Å"To His Coy Mistressâ€Å" Free Essays on The Symbolism In â€Å"To His Coy Mistressâ€Å" The Symbolism in â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† We all have the choice either to take advantage of time or allow time to take advantage of us. This choice has been a struggle for everyone in some point in their lifetime. It has also been a topic in many literary pieces, for example this idea is presented in â€Å"To His Coy Mistress†, a poem by Andrew Marvell. In this poem, the opportunity of living life to the fullest or choosing to waste your time is supplied through symbolism. According to Webster’s Dictionary and Thesaurus symbolism is, â€Å"conveying impressions by suggestion rather than by direct statements†(â€Å"symbolism†). Using symbolism to express ideas makes it possible to visualize things that are not usually perceived, and in this case it makes time seem almost visible. Time is symbolized through a lover attempting to seduce a mistress, â€Å"a lady to whom courtesy and courtly convention and erotic longing attribute a superordinate status, a power to command†(Atlantic), into having a sexual relationship with him. The idea that time is running out is expressed throughout the poem, as the lover uses this excuse for wanting that sort of relationship so urgently. The very first line, â€Å"Had we but world enough, and time†(1) brings out the focus of time directly. It is then reinforced through hyperbole in the following phrases such as â€Å"A hundred years should go to praise / Thine eyes, and on thy forehead gaze; / Two hundred to adore each breast, / But thirty thousand to the rest; / An age at least to every part†(13-17). These lines symbolize the lack of time the lover has to show his mistress the love she is worthy of, â€Å"For, Lady, you deserve this state†(19). He tries to make her feel exceptional, so that he can seduce her into making love with him. Marvell then continues on to symbolize the lack of time using other literary devices. Running out of time is shown in several descriptive ways. For example, the pe...

Argentinas Dirty War essays

Argentinas Dirty War essays Between 1976 and 1983, under military rule, thousands of people in Argentina were arrested and then vanished without a trace. This campaign became known to Argentina and abroad as the "Dirty War". Seized by force against their will, the victims no longer existed as citizens. Nobody knew who exactly were responsible for their abductions or even why they had been abducted. Under a policy called the "Process of National Reorganization", successive juntas waged war against armed guerrillas and unarmed civilians. The guerillas were defeated, but the torture, disappearance and murder of innocent civilians continued for several more years thereafter. The authorities had no record of these desaparecidos. Unimaginable time went by and innocent parents and children made endless attempts to try to locate their loved ones. Fear spread throughout Argentine society, and many were afraid that they would become the next innocent victims. From the beginning of the seventies through the present, military regimes have declared wars on the peoples of Latin America, backed by the doctrine of national security. This doctrine was adopted in order to fight the "communist threat" and allowed for the extermination of complete generations in order to prevent "foreign ideologies" from taking over the countries. The estimated number of people killed in The Dirty War was about 15,000. Thirty thousand more were imprisoned under inhumane conditions, including extreme torture, and half a million citizens were exiled. The subversion and terrorism produced by the military resulted in these arrests, abductions, tortures and disappearances of people who had never participated in violent or armed attacks. The military targeted academics and over three thousand university professors were dismissed from their posts and many of them were arrested on charges of subversion during the first six months of military rule. Amnesty Internati onal reported on the disap...

AP Statistics Scores - Learn What You Need for College

AP Statistics Scores - Learn What You Need for College Statistics is a popular Advanced Placement course with over 200,000 students taking the exam annually. Students who have other options and interests, however, should be aware that AP Statistics is accepted for course credit and placement by fewer colleges than many other AP subjects.   About the AP Statistics Course and Exam The Advanced Placement Statistics course is a non-calculus-based course that is the equivalent of many one-semester, introductory college statistics classes. The exam covers  exploring data, sampling and experimentation, anticipating patterns, and statistical inference. Each of these topics encompasses several subtopics: Exploring Data. Students learn to analyze different types of graphs and data displays. Key topics include spread, outliers, median, mean, standard deviation, quartiles, percentages, and more. Students also learn to compare different data sets to find patterns and draw conclusions. This section encompasses 20 to 30 percent of the exam questions.Sampling and Experimentation. Students learn about proper and effective methods of data collection and data analysis. Students learn about the characteristics of well-conducted surveys, and they learn about the issues attached to different types of populations and selection methods. Important topics include random sampling, control groups, placebo effect, and replication. This section accounts for 10 to 15 percent of the exam.Anticipating Patterns. This section focuses on probabilities and simulation, and students learn what data should look like for a given model. Topics covered include the addition rule, multiplication rule, conditional proba bility, normal distribution, random variables, t-distribution, and chi-square distribution. 20 to 30 percent of the AP exam covers these topics. Statistical Inference. In this section, students learn how to select appropriate models for a given task. Students study how to estimate population parameters and test hypotheses. Important topics include margins of error, confidence levels, p-values, types of errors, and more. This is the largest area of course content and accounts for 30 to 40 percent of the exam. AP Statistics Score Information In 2018,  222,501 students took the exam. The mean score was a 2.88, and roughly 60.7 percent  of students (135,008 of them) scored a 3 or higher. According to AP score guidelines, a 3 is necessary to demonstrate a level of competency adequate for earning college credit. The distribution of scores for the AP Statistics exam is as follows: AP Statistics Score Percentiles (2018 Data) Score Number of Students Percentage of Students 5 32,417 14.6 4 47,108 21.2 3 55,483 24.9 2 35,407 15.9 1 52,086 23.4 If your exam score is on the lower end of the scale, keep in mind that colleges often do not require you to report AP exam scores. They are typically self-reported and can be omitted if you choose. AP Statistics Course Placement Information: As the table below reveals, AP Statistics is not accepted by many colleges. There are a few reasons for this: the course is non-calculus-based, but many college statistics courses require calculus; many colleges teach statistics in field-specific ways in courses such as Business Statistics and Psychological Statistics and Methods; finally, statistics is a topic that relies heavily upon computers and spreadsheet programs, but the AP exam is not set up to allow students to use computers.   The table below presents some representative data from a variety of colleges and universities. This information is meant to provide a general overview of the scoring and placement practices related to the AP Statistics exam. For a specific college or university, youll need to search the schools website or contact the appropriate Registrars office to get AP placement information. Even for the schools I list below, check with the institution to get the most recent placement guidelines.   AP Statistics Scores and Placement College Score Needed Placement Credit Georgia Tech - no credit or placement Grinnell College 4 or 5 4 semester credits; MAT/SST 115 MIT - no credit or placement Notre Dame 5 Mathematics 10140 (3 credits) Reed College 4 or 5 1 credit Stanford University - no credit or placement for AP Statistics Truman State University 3, 4 or 5 STAT 190 Basic Statistics (3 credits) UCLA (School of Letters and Science) 3, 4 or 5 4 credits; quantitative reasoning requirement fulfilled Yale University - no credits or placement A Final Word About AP Statistics You can learn more about the AP Statistics course and exam on the  official College Board website. Keep in mind that AP Statistics has value even if you dont receive college credit for the course. At some point in your college career, you are likely going to need to conduct a survey, work with spreadsheets, and/or process data. Have some knowledge of statistics will be invaluable at these times. Also, when you apply to colleges, the most important part of your application will be your academic record. Colleges want to see that you have done well in challenging courses. Success in Advanced Placement courses such as AP Statistics is one significant way you can demonstrate your college readiness.

Assignment on Current Information Technology Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

On Current Information Technology - Assignment Example This essay seeks to examine the use of research and development program in enhancing the operations of the firm in line with the firm’s strategy (Jacques & Fabrizio, 2014). As a point of departure, management of technology consists of management of research, products and development of processes. In essence, research development aims at expanding the company’s grasp of science and engineering skills and its relevant applications. Effective technological management needs integration of the process development and manufacturing engineering (Jacques & Fabrizio, 2014). This aspect of integration is common in the Japanese industries and it is immensely attributed to high-level manufacturability, with cost and quality effectiveness. Managing an R&D program in an efficient manner, a company must have a coherent product and market strategy. It is realizable that, the level of strategic attentiveness in one or more product- market. For instance, the strategic focus of the R&D program in managing the technological processes of the firm is to increased improvements in value, performance, quality and cost (Jacques & Fabrizio, 2014). This brings the difference between manual or physical firms’ strategy sustenance and the technologically sustained. The technologically based strategy management contributes immensely to the achieving of the firm’s objectives and helping in sustaining the market share and profit margins and this leads to high cash flows thus creating a competitive edge in the market niche. On the same note, the R&D program plays a fundamental role in replacing an existing product with a new one in the market. The role entails immense depths of improving functionality and lowering cost. In comparison with the manual replacement and managing of a replacement process, the technologically based management system oversees a smooth transition and ensures that, the rest of processes in the firm are not disrupted (Mario, Margherita &Massimo, 2013).

Group report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Group report - Essay Example I agree with their opinion and also agree with their argument that personal learning reflection is especially helpful for students who want to be future entrepreneur. I cannot deny the fact that, entrepreneurship was probably one of the most challenging and exciting study topic for management student hence there is no surprise why I want to taste my luck in entrepreneurship if I will get opportunity to do so in future course of time. However, in this essay, I will not confine the discussion in the boundary of entrepreneurship rather I will try to shed light on large set of learning and skill aspects. Politis (2005) and Harrison and Leitch (2005) pointed out that learning should be self-directed in order to help a person to grow in sustainable manner. I am not ashamed to admit that I had very little knowledge about fundamentals of business process prior joining the masters program in university but the master’s program in management has really improved my personal understanding about various core elements of management. I must admit that module 1 and module 2 of course were comprehensive enough to give me and my colleagues to improve our personal learning and self awareness about personal skill orientation. These modules were absolute necessity for students who want to know about how to organize an event, how to work in group, how to prepare group report and how to guide a team during contingent situation. There is no doubt in the fact that all the modules in the course proved to be learning opportunity for me and significantly helped me to grow as professional. Throughout this essay, these learning experiences will be critically reflected in order to substantiate my claims that I have learnt a lot from my management degree program. I will take help of the learning cycle theories in order to present my personal learning experiences and the learning cycle model

The musical style of Heart is a lonely hunter Essay

The musical style of Heart is a lonely hunter - Essay Example In this regard McCullers herself characterizes the novel as a fugue in the musical features of the novel recurs in three parts of the novel. McCullers novel is musical in its characteristics in two senses: first the novel possesses a tuneful and harmonious structure; second it deals with the polyphonic characteristics of words, phrases and the greater unit of the structure of the novel (Fuller 57). The phonic tones and of tunes of words not only exists in the concrete form but also in the abstract sense. Evidently the phonic features both in abstract and concrete senses have been fused with its tuneful and harmonious structure, as it is noted in the Big Readers’ Guide†, â€Å"The novel’s rhythmic language is sometimes harmonious — as in the sweet, sad duets between Mick and Singer — and at other times cacophonous, as in Jake and Dr. Copeland’s final argument† (Big Read, 2). The entire structure of the novel appears to be a three part fu gue that closely follows the polyphonic actions with a number of symbolic voices including a central voice. The fugal characters of â€Å"the Heart is a Lonely Hunter† function in a contrastive, but rhythmic, way to demonstrate the dominant relationship between John Singer’s mute heart with the outside world and then necessarily the other characters come with the contrapuntal theme to contribute to the development of the major theme of the novel. Following the structure of a fugue, the novel deals with an extensive theme of man’s struggle against the loneliness of his inner being.

Comparison of Sculptures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Comparison of Sculptures - Essay Example The first work of art was created in 1430s using bronze metal. The graceful form and decorative details of the statue distinguished it from many other statures created by other artists of that time. If we analyze the style of this statue, we can see a manly and victorious look all from head to toe. The statue is almost completely nude as there is only a hat on its head and armor shoes on the legs. The appearance of the statue reveals existence of a male dominated society in which men used to praise their bodies by resembling them with protective shells.The second work of art was created in 1623 using marble. The sculptor has created the state in a position that shows the climax of some action. â€Å"Expanding upon Michelangelo's fascination with the human body, Bernini added torsion to create a dynamic figure that extends into the viewer's space†. Made by marble, this artwork reveals a true understanding of the way features can be used to express actions. The color of the uppe r body of the statue is whitish grey. This statue is also semi nude but the amount of cloth shown on the statue distinguishes it from the other statue we discussed earlier.The main differences between the two artworks include standing position of the sculptures, amount of cloth, and use of metal. Dontello’s sculpture is in standing position looking downwards, whereas Bernini’s Statue is look straight and is in climax of action.There ios no cloth on the body of Dontello’s statue, whereas the sculpture made by Bernini is seminude.

Ozone hole Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Ozone hole - Essay Example This layer does absorb 97 percent to 99 percent of the high-frequency ultraviolet light of the sun which can be possibly destructive to the life on earth. More that 90 percent of the ozone within the earth’s atmosphere is existing here â€Å"comparatively high† meaning several parts/million- considerably higher than concentrations within the lower atmosphere, however, still lesser compared to the key atmospheric components. Its location is approximately 15 to 35 km above the surface of the earth in the hemispheres lower portion (Charles, 2014). This thickness varies geographically as well as seasonally. As mentioned earlier, prevents disastrous destruction of the life on earth through absorption of the harmful incoming sun’s ultraviolet (UV) potion hence minimizing this light’s amount that reaches the surface of the earth (Paul, 2009). Such natural sunlight buffering is quite advantageous since the ultraviolet light of high energy is capable of penetrating uppermost skin layers.as a result, cells might end up damaged which is explained through sunburn as well as more threateningly, genetic material which resides within every cell (DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid) destruction. Damage of some DNA within skin cells by such ultraviolet light is associated with certain cancers development. Observation of the ozone hall has for a long time been done with great seriousness. Images of satellite offer observers the ozone’s every day images over Antarctic region (Enviromental Protection Agency, 2010). The winter population of humans of the Antarctic comprise of researchers in several hundreds. These researchers get protection from the UV light which has increased from warm winter clothing, hence the ozone layer health effect concerns are minimal. The ozone hole’s existence as well as its increased size through 1990s up till 2006, the time when this hole was ever largest recorded, has come to be a great concern for researchers who study human activity

The Road Not Taken By Robert Frost Essay Example for Free

The Road Not Taken By Robert Frost Essay The poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken† by Robert Frost strikes me as having a dual meaning.   One perspective of the poem seems to be a statement of advice for people to take the â€Å"one less traveled by†.   Another perspective is that the â€Å"Road Not Taken† may be the road that he took and he was sorry he has chosen that path for some reason or another.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To start with the discussion, I will first discuss the first perspective that of the inference to â€Å"The Road Not Taken† as an advice for people to take.    The author took the first person stance using the words â€Å"I† throughout the poem.   This could be interpreted that he, himself has done what he is advising for others to do to take the â€Å"one less traveled by† (fourth line, fifth stanza). Usually this phrase is used for people who have taken the road that is righteous and the one that is harder to travel or go by but which is the right thing to do.   It is also thought of as the hard but nevertheless, the way to be successful in life.   The author made use of a lot of imagery and metaphors like â€Å"yellow wood† referring to the seemingly yellow path as affected by the daffodils that bloom at the pathways that he often takes with his friend in Massachusetts, at the time he wrote the poetry.   He also describes the road less traveled by as â€Å"grassy and wanted wear† perhaps this is so for lack of travelers trudging in its grass.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Meanwhile, the other perspective or interpretation that could be entertained with regards to this poem is the author’s tone towards the end of the last stanza â€Å"I took the one less traveled by/ And that has made all the difference† seems to denote that he was sorry for the choice he made.   The tone is that of sadness and he uses the line â€Å"I shall be telling this with a sigh†. The next line also situates the point of reflection wherein the author says â€Å"Somewhere ages and ages hence; Two roads diverged in a wood, and I took the one less traveled by,†Ã‚     The metaphor of the words ages and ages hence places the time or hour of recollection at a much recent time after he made his choice, or since the time he made his choice, and decided his course of action.   It implies that this choice was made a long time ago and the last stanza gives a clue as to the outcome of that choice.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Aside from the two possible scenarios that this poem can be interpreted into, there are also some conflicts of imagery.   These conflicts are stated in the use of the lines â€Å"Because it was grassy and wanted wear;† indicates one path or road obviously still has a lot of grass untouched by trudging feet or passers by.   However, the last two lines goes, â€Å"Though as far that the passing there/ had worn them really about the same†, describing both paths and roads as equally traveled or trudged upon by travelers.   This seeming conflict in imagery, though I would interpret as the author’s state of mind, when he was presented with a dilemma or a proposition of which road to take. He seemed to be weighing his options and was in the process of balancing his final decision as to which road to take and sees that there is not much difference in the outward appearance of both paths. In conclusion, the poem in general takes a positive, albeit sad remembrance of the choices in life that the author has made.   But what he seems to be sad about is that he must have wanted to take as many paths as he could, but only he could not as the time of choice is well past already.   Still, the author encourages people and readers to take the road less traveled, for although it presents more challenge and probably even hardship, it is usually the right path to take.

Study On The Portuguese Conquest History Essay

Study On The Portuguese Conquest History Essay The Malacca, because the strategic position on the strait bearing the same name, it become more and more important for trading and shunting of spices like pepper, cloves, ginger, cinnamon, and nutmeg. The Malacca also become a remarkable trading center or port for all the merchants from all the Asian nations of the time, for example, Persia, Arabia, China, India, Bengal, Indonesia, Ceylon, and Japan. After Portuguese conquering Goa in India, the Portuguese start awareness about the importance of Malacca. They started to gather all the information about the Malacca from every seaman who came to Goa. In order to access the strength of Malacca, an expeditionary force was sent there in five ships commanded by Diego Lopez de Sequeira and they arrived in Melaka on 11th August 1509. After that de Sequeira sent one of the captains ashore and negotiated with the Sultan of Malacca. But this action has been failed because of Indian and Arab Muslim persuaded the Sultan and the Bendahara of Malacca does not trust the Portuguese. At the end many of the Portuguese were capture and imprisoned by the Sultan Malacca. In 1511, Afonso de Albuquerque, the Governor and Captain-General of the East were decided to organize an expedition to conquer Malacca. Afonso de Albuquerque collected a fleet of 18 ships and 1,400 men and arrived the Malacca harbor on 1st July 1511. The Afonso de Albuquerque demanded the return of prisoner but the Sultan of Malacca, Sultan Mahmud Syah made an excuse to delay the time so that they can strengthen the fortifications and stockades on both sides of the bridge and the river but Afonso de Albuquerque didnt waste their time. When 25 July 1511, they attacked the town by concentrating attack the assault on the bridge on the river dividing the town. After released the Portuguese prisoner, Afonso de Albuquerque was not satisfied, when 25 July 1511, he ordered attack again on the city. The city was divided into two parts, which is the main town on side of the river, and the suburbs where the traders lived on the other. But this time of attack was failed; they forced to retreat w hen at nightfall. After a few days preparation, Portuguese attacked Malacca again and this time finally Malacca fell to the Portuguese on August 1511. On 24 August 1511, Portuguese discover Sultan Mahmud Syah and his family escape and retreat to Ulu Bertam, Pahang. Portuguese sacked the town, but following Albuquerques orders, they respected the property of those who sided with them. After conquest Malacca, to strengthens and defend the Portuguese base, Portuguese immediately built a fortress which is call A famosa on the south side of the Malacca river. Beside built the fortress, Portuguese also built Governors Palace, the Bishops Palace, the Government council chambers, several churches, barracks, two hospitals, monastery and a prison. Ruy de Brito Patalim was appointed by Albuquerque as the Governor and Nina Chattu as the Prime Minister. After established the Malacca, Albuquerque was encouraged the merchants to reopen their businesses and built up the friendship to Siam, Java, China, and to the Moluccas island. In order to make buying and selling easier, Albuquerque issued a new coinage at Melaka. Although most of the trading was done by barter, there was some trading by using the Malay tin coins. The new Portuguese coins were of tin or copper, silver and gold. Although Malacca had fallen to the Portuguese, the Sultan Mahmud Syah have a base at Johore. During from 1511 till 1526, Sultan Mahmud Syah and his son Sultan Ahmad had continuous sent their army to attack the Portuguese. At the end, in 1583, a peace treaty was signed. However, the Portuguese strong enemy is Acheh in North Sumatra, which was across the Straits of Melaka. It is because the Sultan of Acheh was the champion of Islam and have a big trading pepper in Sumatera. The Sultan of Acheh wanted to capture Melaka and attacked it several times, but at the end they were not successful. In 1602-1603, the Dutch blockaded Malacca by sea, but this was only a first timid attempt. In 1606, Johore and the Dutch concluded an alliance against the Portuguese and in 1607 they set again the town under siege. The Dutch made several fruitless attempts between 1623 and 1627, and in 1633. The defenders of Portuguese run out of their gun power and with a severe scarcity of food when the last siege of combining the Dutch-Johore fleet of 1.500 Dutchmen, 1.500 Malays, 12 Dutch ships, 6 sloops and 40 Johore vessels during in June 1640. Dutch commander Willmsoon Kartekoe ordered the last desperate assault on January 1641 but the Portuguese defender made a fierce resistance and finally Dutch driven back. But in situation desperation, honourable terms of surrender have been offered by Dutch commander to Portuguese and the Portuguese commander accepted the generous terms. After the Portuguese commander dying, he was buried by the Dutch with military honours in the church of Sà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢o Domingo. The city of Malacca was thus in Portuguese hands from 24 August 1511 till 14 January 1641. Reason Portuguese venture to the East The  Portuguese  were the first Europeans to dominate trade in SEA and the first to set up trading posts in military-occupied ports . They defeated Moslem naval forces in 1509 and seized  Malacca  in  1511  , until the Dutch captured it in  1641. Southeast Asia felt Portuguese impact the least. The Portuguese controlled only the small territory of East Timor During the 15th century, Portugal heralded its Age of Discovery and became inexhaustible in its quest to discover foreign lands and expand its tiny kingdom. Initiated by Infante Don Enrique, popularly known as Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460), who encouraged his people to increase their knowledge and expand their trading activities to the Far East, the Portuguese embarked on countless missions by land and sea. Their purpose, in addition to searching for Guinea gold and expanding their tiny kingdom to become one of the most powerful nations in the world, was to spread the Christian Gospel and reduce the influence of Islam in the East. Portuguese were bent on spreading the gospel to the East and replacing Islam with Christianity. The Portuguese also had another important reason to venture to the East is to search for Guinea gold where precious Asian spices which had become essential in their part of the world, in flavouring and preserving their food. Keeping consistent in their animosity against the Muslims and fuelled by their search for Asian spices, the Portuguese were intent on diverting the Asian spice trade away from the Muslims. The only way to do this was to stop obtaining the Asian spices from the Muslim Empire in Egypt and Syria, and instead, chart a new spice route around the Cape of Good Hope. The efforts of the Portuguese made them the first European nation that came to the South East Asia in search of Asian spies. Another reason for the Portuguese venturing to the East is to search for the mythical priest-king, Prester John, ruling over a powerful Christian kingdom in known as, the Indies. They believed that with his help, they could conquer the Muslims in the East. In addition, since Muslims had dominated the route via land, they decided to find a new route by sea to the East. The Administration of Portuguese in Malacca Captains-Major of Malacca (1512-1641) Captains-Major From Until Rui de Brito Patalim 1512 1514 Jorge de Albuquerque (1st time) 1514 1516 Jorge de Brito 1516 1517 Nuno Vaz Pereira 1517 1518 Afonso Lopes da Costa 1518 1519 Garcia de Sà ¡ (1st time) 1519 1521 Jorge de Albuquerque (2nd time) 1521 1525 Pero de Mascarenhas 1525 1526 Jorge Cabral 1526 1528 Pero de Faria 1528 1529 Fortaleza de Malaca Fortaleza de Malaca is a fortress system which is a quadrilateral tower. It was constructed at the foot of the fortress hill, next to the sea. To its east was constructed a circular wall of mortar and stone with a well in the middle of the enclosure. This construction is fully fortify the fortress hill. The four gateways were built for the cities are Porta de Santiago, The gateway of the Custom House Terrace, Porta de Sao Domingos, and Porta de Santo Antonio. All of these gateways only two were in common use which is Gate of Santo Antonio and the gateway of the Custom House Terrace. Gate of Santo Antonio is linking to the suburb of Yler and gateway of the Custom House Terrace giving access to Tranqueira and its bazaar. Porta de Santiago porta de santiago.jpgporta de santiago2.jpg The Porta de Santiago is one of the four main gates of the A Famosa fortress. It was built by the Portuguese in 1512 under the command of Alfonso de Albuquerque. This magnificent fort had successfully protected the Portuguese position in Melaka, until it was overrun by the Dutch. It was damaged during the attack, but the Dutch later repaired and renamed it VOC with an embossed emblem. But unfortunately what is left until today is nothing more than a gateway called Porta de Santiago. The town of Malacca during the Portuguese era Tranqueira The most important suburb of Malacca is at Tranqueira. The suburb was rectangular in shape, with a northern walled boundary, the straits of Malacca to the south and the river of Malacca and the  fortalezas  wall to the east. It was the main residential quarters of the city. However, in war, the residence of the quarters would be evacuated to the fortress. Tranqueira was divided into a further two parishes, which is Sà £o Tomà © and Sà £o Està ªvà £o. The parish of S.Tomà © was called  Campon Chelim  or we call it Kampung Keling. It was described that this area was populated by the Chelis of Choromandel. The other suburb of Sà £o Està ªvà £o was also called Campon China  or Kampung Cina. Erà ©dia described the houses as made of timber but roofed by tiles. A stone bridge with sentry crosses the river Malacca to provide access to the Malacca Fortress via the eastern Custome House Terrace. The center of trade of the city was also located in Tranqueira near the beach on the mouth of the river called the  Bazaar of the Jaos  that is Javanese. Tranqueira, this part of the city was still called  Tengkera. Yler Yler or we call it Hilir roughly covered Buquet China which is bukit cina and the south-eastern coastal area. The important water source for the community is the Well of Buquet China. The Church of the Madre De Deus and the Convent of the Capuchins of Sà £o Francisco is at the Buquet China. Another notable landmark included Buquetpiatto which is built piatu. The extreme boundaries of this unwalled suburb were said to be as far as Buquetpipi and Tanjonpacer. Tanjonpacer or Tanjung Pasir was later renamed Ujong Pasir. A settlement of Portuguese descent community is located there in present day Malacca. This suburb of Yler is now known as Banda Hilir. Sabba The houses on this suburb were built on the water edges of the river. Some of the original Muslim Malay inhabitants of Malacca lived in the swamps of  Nypeiras  tree, where they made  Nypa wine by distillation for trade. This suburb was considered the most rural, being a transition to the Malacca hinterland, where timber and charcoal traffic passed through into the city. Several parishes also lie outside the city along the river. In later periods of Dutch, British and modern day Malacca, the name of Sabba was made obsolete. However, its area encompassed parts of what is now Banda Kaba, Bunga Raya and Kampung Jawa in Malacca city. The monetary system in Malacca In 1511, the ViceRoy of India, Afonso de Albuquerque, invaded Malacca. The Portuguese ruled Malacca for 130 years. In January 1641 the Dutch took hands of Malacca. Portuguese coinage in the East Indies was struck at Malacca from the year of its conquest 1511, until the Dutch occupation in 1641. Base metal coins were struck for the Portuguese sovereign Emmanuel (1495-1521) and his successors, silver from the reign of Philip II (1598-1621) and Philip III (1621-1640). The Portuguese only focus on doing main business after conquers the Malacca. In India and Malacca, the first thing Portuguese will did wherever they were was to strike coins with which to do that business. In 1511, Portuguese were struck a few gold and silver coins and a set of denominations in tin by the governor da Albuquerque opened a European style establishment. Although there was already have a mint in Malacca. The gold and silver were struck mostly to demonstrate sovereignty, and were sent back to Portugal to show the king that he had a new piece of real estate.  There were basically 3 denominations of tin coins struck at the Malacca mint: big ones called bastardo, their tenth, called soldo, and later a tenth soldo, called dinheiro.   The weight relation of the bastardo and soldo started out fairly correct, but the bastardo became light fairly quickly, and the soldo, and later the dinheiro, became tokens.   Latterly, a half dinheiro, or bazaruco, was struck.   Over the 130 years of Portuguese occupation about 20 tin types were struck, in several dozen major and minor varieties.  Ã‚  During the closing decade of the Portuguese period, there were also some silver coins struck at the Malacca mint, for example, tangas, multiples, and fractions.  In addition, a few silver and gold coins were struck at Goa and Lisbon for Malacca. All there are extremely rare. The Portuguese Currency In 1511, during the reign of King Dom Mnuell, the gold and silver coin were struck in Malacca by mind set up by Governor Alfonso DAlbuquerque from the first year of the occupation. Among the initial currency issues were the commemorative Catolico and the Meio Catolico, both minted in gold and, the third commemorative in silver, the Malaques, named after Malacca.   During the reign of King Dom Joao III, the De Castro issue and the Malacca Mint issue are two separate coinages in Malacca. The De Castro issue was struck during the governorship of Dom Joao de Castro, the 4th Viceroy of Indis (1545-1548) was in gold as well as in tin. The gold coins were the Escudo de Sao Tome and the Quarter Escudo de Sao Tome, minted in Lisbon and Goa for circulation in India and the ten Portuguese territories. The tin coins were the Bastardo, Soldo and Dinheiro which were also minted in Lisbon for circulation in Malacca. The coinage of King Dom Sebastiao, the tin coins have the different distinctive between bastardo, Soldo and Dinheiro. On the Bastardo, the armillary sphere was replaced by crossed arrows and the letter S B. The Soldo had either double arrows a or triple arrows and the letters B A, for the Dinheiro, there were at least two issues, one with the armillary and triple arrows; on the other sailing ship replaced by the sphere   During the reign of King Dom Felipe II (1598-1621) there had been no official record of any coins minted at or for Malacca market. Only the silver piece known by us and there is no distinctive tin coins appear to have issued by the Malacca Mint. They were only in four denominationa, the first is Half Tanga, the second is Tanga, the third is Double Tanga and the forth is Quadruple Tanga. This Quadruple Tang was struck between the years 1633-1636 at the Malacca Mint or may be at the Goa Mint specially designed and issued for Malacca. All denominations of silver Tanga of Malacca with the mintmark of A M or M A of the Malacca Mint. Dom Manuel I 1495 1521 second issue Dom Manuel.gifsecond issue Dom Manuel reverse.gif Second issue  1512 1515 (De Brito Patalim ´s coinage). Bastardo, pewter, 49,06 gram, 37,5 mm. Obverse: Sphere with legend around: D(om) M(anuel) P(rimeiro) R(ei) DE PV(rugal) S(enh)OR D(a) I(ndia) E MALA(acca) Reverse: Cross of the Order of Christ with legend around: CRVX XPI NOSTRE SPES VNICA Shaw Kassim 7, E.E.Sim   cfr. E1 35 Third issue Don Manuel reverse.gifThird issue Don Manuel.gif Third Issue  1517 1521 These coins were issued under the authority of a new governor, Dom Aleixo de Menezes, who arrived in Malacca in June 1517. Bastardo, pewter, 13,82 gram, 29 mm. Obverse: Crowned Portuguese shield with inscription around: I EMANVEL R(EX) P(ORTUGALIA) ET A(LGARBIORUM) D(OMINUS)  ¤(G)VINE + (Manuel I King of Portugal and the Algarve, Lord of Guinea). On each side of the shield + V. The type with + V, is not mentioned in E.E.Sim. Reverse: Armillary sphere. H.T.Grogan 1296, Shaw Kassim 14, E.E.Sim %, Sim 20-25 Dom Joà £o III 1521 1557 Dinheiro.gifDinheiro2.gif Dinheiro, pewter, 1,59 gram, 19 mm. Obverse: Cross surrounded be the legend: + IOA(NNES) : III. POR(TUGALIA): ET: AL(GARBIORUM) (John III King of Portugal and the Algarve). Reverse: The Armillary Sphere Shaw Kassim 19, H.T.Grogan 1302, Sim J3.07 Dom Sebastià £o 1557 1578 Half soldo_dinheiro.gifHalf soldo_dinheiro2.gif Half soldo/Dinheiro ?,  pewter, 2,13 gram, 17-19 mm Obverse: Three arrows crossed and tied in the centre between the letters B A. Large dot on each side on the top of the central arrow. The two dots and the B A indicated perhaps it is a 2 bazarucos ? Reverse: The Armillary Sphere. The Zodiacal belt rises from the left to right. Shaw Kassim 25, H.T.Grogan 1312, Sim S.18 Bazaruco2.gifBazaruco.gif Bazaruco, pewter, 1,12 gram, 13 mm Obverse: The crowned Arms of Portugal Reverse: Cross Half soldo2.gifHalf soldo.gif Half Soldo ?, pewter, 2,46 gram, 18,5 mm Obverse: The Crowned Arms of Portugal. Reverse: A sailing ship left. Shaw Kassim 24 Sim S.19 Philip III, 1620 1640 Meia tanga.gifMeia tanga2.gif Meia tanga  (1/2 tanga) 1635, silver, 15-15,5 mm, 1,03 gram. Obverse: Crowned Portuguese shield with mintletters beside A M (Asia Malacca). Reverse: Monogram of value T A, besides D M (De Malacca), below the year 1635. 1 tanga 1631.gif1 tanga2 1631.gif 1 tanga 1631, silver, 17,5 18 mm, 3,05 gram. Obverse: Crowned Portuguese shield with mintletters beside A M (Asia Malacca) Reverse: Monogram of value T A, besides D M (De Malacca), below the year 1631. Mitchener 3156, Sim F3-24 2 tanga.gif2tangabs 2.gif 2 tanga  (half xerafins?) 1631, Silver, 25 mm, 6,04 gram Obververse: Crowned Portuguese shield with mintletters beside A M (Asia Malacca) Reverse: Monogram of value ? T A, besides D M (De Malacca), below the year 1631. The financial system of Portuguese conquer Malacca and other places In all ports controlled by Portuguese, Albuquerque instituted the system of the cartaz. Cartaz was a naval trade license or pass issue by the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean during the sixteeth century, this cartaz system is under the rule of the Portuguese empire. In 1443, Prince Henry the Navigator was initiate the licensing of vessels with consent of the king and the Pope, when he decreed a monopoly on navigation in the west African coast Portuguese Mare clausim policy in the Atlantic Ocean have been starting. All the ships began to be licensed by Portugal, which authorized and supported navigation, encouraging investment in exploration travel by Portuguese and foreigners in exchange for part of the profits. In 1502, the cartazes licensing system was created and the main purpose of this system was to ensure that merchants paid the tax in Portuguese trading posts, guaranteeing its monopoly on the spice trade and other products. It actually bring advantage to local commerce, the low cost of the cartaz system, granting merchant ships protection against pirates and rival state. They protection racket, plus customs duties and some outright piracy, raised the money to defray part of the cost of manning garrisons and maintaining the navy Under cartaz system, every vessel will be receive a document to sail in the Indian coast, no vessel was permitted to sail in the Indian coast without this document, they may risking losing their cargo or being attacked and even sunk by Portuguese. Mainly Muslim, Hindu and Malay merchant ships without this document. Every year, Portuguese fleets patrolled the coasts to require this document. As Portuguese lost influence, the issue of cartazes becomes an important source of income for the crown. The cartaz system enabled the Portuguese to exercise some control over trading networks that they could not dominate. In time, they raised further revenues by selling concessions for specific maritime trade routes to Asian ship-owners. In the mid-16th century, Asian merchants were shipping their goods on Portuguese ships and vice versa. And even the Portuguese ships were crewed by men from Arabia, Malabar, Gujarat, Malaysia and Indonesia, with perhaps one or two Portuguese officers. Pidgin Portuguese became the  lingua franca  of the Indian Ocean ports.

Childhood in To Kill A Mocking Bird by Harper Lee and Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontë :: Jane Eyre Essays

The Theme of Childhood in To Kill A Mocking Bird by Harper Lee and Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontà « 'To Kill A Mocking Bird' by Harper Lee and 'Jane Eyre' by Charlotte Brontà « are two very different books written in different periods of history. There are, however, similarities in the themes and background. For example, both books were written during times of great social upheaval and strife. In 'To Kill A Mocking Bird', the world was still very racist and it was not until some twenty years after the book was written that men like Martin Luther King and Malcolm X started to bring about real reforms. 'Jane Eyre' was slightly different as this was set during a time when the masses of overworked and underpaid Victorians were being given greater freedoms and more time in which to have these freedoms. Both books are written from a first person point of view, with a narrative voice. In 'To Kill A Mocking Bird', the narrative voice is the voice of 'Scout', a small girl and in 'Jane Eyre', Jane herself takes the role of narrator. Both books are also Fictional Autobiographies. This means that they chronicle, if not directly, the lives of the authors. The two books (in the first chapters) revolve strongly around the themes of childhood. The way that these themes are introduced affects the whole book and the way that characters react to one another. 'To Kill A Mocking Bird' starts with two paragraphs that summarize the entire book. It tells the reader of the beginning, middle and end of the book. It also introduces the way in which the story will be told and five of the most important characters. For eight paragraphs, there is nothing but description of the Finch family. It is here that childhood really starts to be introduced. The language used is almost entirely superfluous, very descriptive uses many effective, if childish, techniques such as "There was no hurry, for there was nowhere to go, nothing to buy and no money to buy it with" (repetition) and very descriptive phrases such as "A day was twenty-four hours long but seemed longer". Description of characters is done in two highly differing ways in 'To Kill A Mocking Bird', the first being the adult and formal manner: "Jem and I found our Father satisfactory: he played with us, read to us, and treated us with courteous detachment.

Personal Narrative- Books Have Greatly Impacted my Life Essay -- Perso

I wasn't interested in books when I was very young, except for an interest in comic books. Maybe that's because I was never really read to consistently. My mother claims to have read to me some when I was younger, but I don't remember it. Giving birth to five kids in seven years, and having one die at three days old, sort of cut into her time for entertaining me with thrilling renditions of The Cat in the Hat. I had to entertain myself with what I could find, and I picked up some basic reading skills from some of the kid's shows on television in the sixties. When I hit that magical age of six and went to elementary school, I was introduced to the first real books I can remember. There I learned about the world of Alice and Jerry, who played all the time and had such a wonderful life. Jerry even had a dog named Spot who sounded like great fun. I always wanted that dog for my very own. And Alice had a beautiful doll with golden hair named Betsy Lee that I wanted, too. Guess what my sister who was born that year was named at my insistence? She's hated me for it ever since, and I can tell you in all honesty, she didn't end up being a doll either. So you see the influence of books had already begun to affect my life even at that age, even though they hadn't gotten into my blood at that point. Rather I did my own thing, and I was much happier just riding my bike, playing dolls with my friends, or reading comic books, which amounted to mostly looking at the pictures. Even before I started school, I remember riding my bike to the local gas station every week to buy a bag of penny candy and a new comic book with money I got from finding soda bottles and trading them in for the nickel deposit. Superman, Spiderman, Aquama... ...nd writing dynamic essays. And as soon as I got home, I had to make myself do my homework first, because I was writing every day by that time. I knew if I started writing fiction first I'd discover the next time I looked up from the computer screen that it was already 4 am. It was the second revelation in a year for me when I realized that I had only one path of study that felt right for me. Writing and books were the only things that ever made me that happy. So now I have college texts instead of comic books. I still love the art that made comics special, but now I have text as well as a passion in my life. And now I have lots of new friends--Dickinson and Foucault and Chopin and so many others. Here I have so many opportunities to read for shared and new insight, and to write to my heart's content. I'm a happy woman. It's like I've come home at last. Personal Narrative- Books Have Greatly Impacted my Life Essay -- Perso I wasn't interested in books when I was very young, except for an interest in comic books. Maybe that's because I was never really read to consistently. My mother claims to have read to me some when I was younger, but I don't remember it. Giving birth to five kids in seven years, and having one die at three days old, sort of cut into her time for entertaining me with thrilling renditions of The Cat in the Hat. I had to entertain myself with what I could find, and I picked up some basic reading skills from some of the kid's shows on television in the sixties. When I hit that magical age of six and went to elementary school, I was introduced to the first real books I can remember. There I learned about the world of Alice and Jerry, who played all the time and had such a wonderful life. Jerry even had a dog named Spot who sounded like great fun. I always wanted that dog for my very own. And Alice had a beautiful doll with golden hair named Betsy Lee that I wanted, too. Guess what my sister who was born that year was named at my insistence? She's hated me for it ever since, and I can tell you in all honesty, she didn't end up being a doll either. So you see the influence of books had already begun to affect my life even at that age, even though they hadn't gotten into my blood at that point. Rather I did my own thing, and I was much happier just riding my bike, playing dolls with my friends, or reading comic books, which amounted to mostly looking at the pictures. Even before I started school, I remember riding my bike to the local gas station every week to buy a bag of penny candy and a new comic book with money I got from finding soda bottles and trading them in for the nickel deposit. Superman, Spiderman, Aquama... ...nd writing dynamic essays. And as soon as I got home, I had to make myself do my homework first, because I was writing every day by that time. I knew if I started writing fiction first I'd discover the next time I looked up from the computer screen that it was already 4 am. It was the second revelation in a year for me when I realized that I had only one path of study that felt right for me. Writing and books were the only things that ever made me that happy. So now I have college texts instead of comic books. I still love the art that made comics special, but now I have text as well as a passion in my life. And now I have lots of new friends--Dickinson and Foucault and Chopin and so many others. Here I have so many opportunities to read for shared and new insight, and to write to my heart's content. I'm a happy woman. It's like I've come home at last.

Handwashing Study Essay

The hands are the most used body organ and are exposed to pathogens at a higher level than any other part of our body. For humans to maintain a state of good health, we have to reduce the transmission to these pathogens. One proven method to interrupt the transmission is by maintaining hand hygiene. The objective of this integrative review was to examine the relationship between hand washing and incidence of health care associated infections (HCAIs) in healthcare settings and provide evidence based recommendations for the future directions for health care providers to prevent infections. Importance of maintaining hand hygiene Evidence to support the importance of hand hygiene in infection prevention dates back to the early 1800’s with Ignaz Semmelweis. The significance of limiting the spread of infections has been emphasized from the days of Florence Nightingale. HCAIs acquired during hospital stays might affect up to 10% of patients in the USA. The World health Organization (WHO) published national guidelines for hand hygiene in healthcare to increase patient safety and limit the spread/exposure to organisms. Medical personnel frequently skip hand washing between patients either because they were not near a sink or they just didn’t have the time. Compliance for hand hygiene by all healthcare workers on average is 50%. Literature review I reviewed five journals on hand washing. Makie et al. (2013) identifies 4 primary objectives to prevent infection that all need to be used in parallel: (1) hand washing; (2) protective barriers (3) decontamination of the environment, items and equipment used for patients; and (4) antibiotic surveillance. One used with the other three will put your patient at risk for exposure. Despite an extensive amount of research/data and evidence supporting these interventions, healthcare workers’ translation into their daily practice is lacking. The writer promotes compliance and consistency of these objectives to control the spread of infections within their healthcare environment. According to Hiremath et al. (2012), hand washing is one of the most effective means of preventing infections. The author feels â€Å"it’s a personal vaccine†. To foster support of the hand washing initiative on a global level we must raise awareness of its importance. People need to  be educa ted and understand the risk of not washing their hand, when to wash their hand (after toilet use, diaper changes, food handling, or visibly soiled) and how others can become exposed to organisms. They also need to understand the proper technique. Beggs, Sheperd et al. (2008), study used the Ross-Macdonald model to apply hypothetical data to a medical ward. This model simulated the transmission of staphylococcal infection by contact from colonized hands of heath care workers. The aim was to evaluate the impact of imperfect hand hygiene on infection. The study concluded that hand hygiene was an effective control measure, but little benefit was found for high levels of hand washing (>50% norm). 40% compliance was found to be enough to prevent an outbreak. Borges, Rocha et al. (2012), provides recommendations on improving hygiene inside the hospitals by promoting routine observation and feedback to healthcare workers. They promote implementation of a campaign: (1) repeated monitoring of compliance, (2) performance competency, (3) education, (4) visual cues and compliance feedback. These procedures by hospital will have been highly cost effect/justified. Inamulhaq & Haq (2012) obs erved hand washing among medical and paramedical professional in clinics. These authors also felt that hand washing was valued as an intervention to prevent infection but was often skipped. They promote staff education/training and soap dispensing tools/washing station insertion. They also suggested that senior team member set an example for all staff on proper techniques. I feel that the articles by Borges et al. (2012) and Makic et al. (2013) well support hand washing initiatives we’ve found in research to be effective when implemented. As clinicians we find ourselves asking the â€Å"5 W’s† when we are faced with evidence that will drive our daily practice. They pull together the WHAT hand washing it, WHY we do it, WHEN and WHERE it should be done and by WHOM. The other four articles also support the findings but don’t have the complete package with all the elements need to support clinical compliance. The article Borges et al. (2012) had the best research design of all five. It was a quantitative research study with meta-analysis synthesis over a 12 month period. It has well-defined hypotheses that the 2 observers were aware  prior to the start of the data collection period. The method of data collection was observation only. The sample size was large enough (52 sessions and 119 opportunities) to provide statistical significant data for an effective conclusion to be made. As I compare these five articles with the national guidelines review they all have the same element that hand washing is essential to the reduction of infection. The national guideline encouraged cleaning of patient environments, health care education, cueing for compliance, competency monitoring and documentation surrounding staff training. Conclusion Evidence-based nursing practice is essential to the delivery of high-quality care that optimizes patients’ outcomes. Hand hygiene is one self-care practice that can go a long way in keeping many ailments at bay for both the healthcare worker and the patient. Healthcare workers should work relentlessly in promoting the self-care practices, holding their peers accountable if they aren’t compliant and hardwiring this practice into daily operations. This is a simple task that has some many benefits. As me move forward with federal reimbursement, healthcare organizations will see a decline in their reimbursement for care if patient get infections while hospitalized. So it all starts with us as healthcare workers to break the mode and start setting a good example by adhering to these simple hygienic practices of hand washing. References Beggs, C.B, Sheperd, S. Kerr, K (2008). Increasing the frequency of hand washing by healthcare workers does not lead to commensurate reductions in staphylococcal infection in hospital ward. BMC Infectious Diseases; 8(114) Hiremath RN, Kotwal A, Kunte R, Hiremath SV, Venkatesh (2012). Hand Washing with Soap: The Most Effective â€Å"Do-It-Yourself† Vaccine? Natl J Community Med; 3(3):551-4 Lizandra Ferreira de Almeida e Borges, Lilian Alves Rocha, Maria Jose Nunes & Paulo Pino Gontijo Filho. (2012). Low Compliance to Handwashing Program and High Nosocomial Infection in a Brazilian Hospital. Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Disease; Article 579781, 5 pages Makic RN, Martin, RN, Burns, RRT, Philbrick, RN & Rauen, RN (2013). Putting Evidence Into Nursing Practice: Four Traditional Practices Not Supported by Evidence. Critical Care Nurse; 33(2):28-43 Mirza Inamulhaq, Azis S.A., Haq S.M. (2012). Role of Hand Washing in Prevention of Communicable Diseases and Practices Adopted in Private Clinics. Canadian Journal of Applied Sciences; 2(1): 196-201

Computers the Good and the Bad

Computers Hold So Much Information; Sometimes Causing More Harm Than Good After reading a few short stories and conducting research on the subjects, I have found some interesting facts about how the computer has changed people’s lives. Computers have become the basis on which our society now depends; they are the key to communication, business, and success for many. Problems can arise however and privacy can be a major issue especially when it comes to certain websites such as MySpace and Facebook.Some people feel they have been violated of their rights and this is when the computer can become your worst enemy, not to mention how the computer has changed people’s ways of thinking and dealing with everyday tasks. â€Å"If it is a public forum that is accessible to others, then presumably the police are welcome to participate, as they would be welcome to enter a shopping mall or something like that†(Rotenberg). There are millions of users on websites such as Facebo ok and MySpace, these people are posting pictures, comments, and even communicating with friends and family.What many don’t realize, is that they are posting it for everyone to see. There have been incidents where the law has been involved in using these websites to catch criminals or even people who have been accused of a crime. â€Å"MySpace has encouraged it’s users to be aware that what they post on their profile is available for the public to see† (Mathew Grossman). MySpace and even Facebook have made it very clear that its users be aware of the risks they are taking by posting any personal information. They have settings which can be used to block certain users or to make your profile private.That way you can control who you want to see your page and interact with. The law has become involved in catching criminals or people involved in criminal acts by searching public profiles. They can read posts and even see pictures that an individual has posted, makin g it easier to get the persons personal information. They can get names and locations from the profile just by searching the page. And some are not aware that they are being searched this way. There have been issues with employers and their employees when it comes to the postings that are taking place for the public to see.Employers need to be aware of potential liability for employee’s publication of private information on Facebook and MySpace. For example a woman was convicted of cheating on her husband and accused of contracting an STD, her MySpace profile revealing these comments by others who claim it being true and stating it for everyone to see even other employees in her workplace. Working in the medical field where other employees were capable of retrieving her medical records she was now being tormented at work. The woman claimed invasion of privacy and took the case to court.The court suggested that since MySpace is public and considered a social network they canno t hold her employer liable for any accusations being brought against her by the employees on her profile. The MySpace page she claimed was made against her will and that her coworkers were to blame. This being questionable and not having proof as to who had actually posted it, nothing could be done. â€Å"Machines are being designed to serve explicitly as companions, pets, and tutors† (p 553, Turkle). Machines meaning computers are not only needed but we rely on them to do everyday tasks, we even depend on them to curve our boredom. At every step we need to ask, as educators and citizens, whether current technology is leading us in directions that serve our human purposes† (p 554, Turkle). Computers are used today to conduct work for businesses, pay our bills, communicate with others, even to play games and learn. Have they caused us to forget who we really? We spend hours upon hours on the computer and we sometimes can get so lost in the machine. For example, Susan a n euroscientist questions, of whether and how our current use of computers is changing the way our brains work.Susan finds that the visual stimuli we get from computers is so different from what is available in previous generations that certain areas of our brain may be affected in ways that can change personality and behavior. Few argue that when they turn from a computer back to a textbook they notice their concentration is lacking causing them some trouble to stay focused. The real problem caused by computer use is that we as human beings do not need to work as hard because the computer can do it for you, and the information is right there.This can be a problem especially for our youth, they will not have to do what it takes to use their brains and they will not have the thinking power or level of concentration we adults once needed. They will depend on the computer and computer only, to get things done. The Writers of these articles and short stories are showing their concern for the negative side of computers. They explain how people are being affected in certain situations due to issues of the computer and how their lives have been negatively affected. Each writer gave valid points and stated facts on the subjects when it came to using a computer.They explained the situations of each subject and the outcome of the issues being discussed. They supported the cases of how an individual can become a victim of false accusations on a profile and then being harassed by employees whom became involved in the woman’s personal life via MySpace or Facebook, and how the computer can damage our past ways of thinking and concentrating thus making it a lot harder to focus on everyday tasks that involve logical thinking. The writers clearly showed their concern and found existing facts on why a computer can and will affect people’s lives. The writers show that a computer must be used responsibly or there will be consequences.Works Cited 1. Alex Koppelman, MyS pace or Ourspace? (p546-557) ;The Bedford Guide to College Writers(X. J. Kennedy, Dorothy M. Kennedy, Marcia F. Muth) 2. Sherry Turkle, How Computers Change The Way We Think? (p552-558) ;The Bedford Guide to College Writers. (X. J. Kennedy, Dorothy M. Kennedy, Marcia F. Muth) 3. www. fredlaw. com , (1995-2010 Fredrikson & Byron P. A. ) 4. www. bbc. co. uk , (BBC News) ; Changing The Way We Think. (Susan Greenfield)

My Journey to Life Introduction

My Autobiography â€Å"When my Parents First Met† Sometime in 1974 when Christmas is approaching, accordingly my parents told me that they happened to meet at a certain canteen in Green Hills San Juan, Rizal and came to know each other while they were still studying in College. Late after one year they came to be engaged with each other. Knowing more each family background, and accepted by both. After my father had graduated his course in Manila, they decided with both parental onsent’s to get marry. They went home to Batanes to receive their matrimony of marriage at the Miraculous Medal of Virgin Mary at Itbud, Uyugan, Batanes. In their continuous companionship, in the hardship of living, they were blessed with three children, all girls. They were Cheryl, Richel, and Louelle. Even in their hardship of bringing up my sisters, still they never quit seeking better information which is getting into college. They survived with the effort.My father and mother both graduated the course of Bachelor of Science in Commerce major in Accounting at Saint Dominic College, Basco, Batanes, sometime in 1990. For better qualification, they were both employed on level 2 ranked and file positions. My mother is still employed to the now Provincial Agriculturists Office as HRMO-II; and my father has just retired from the DPWH Batanes, their employment helps so much as the source to carry on in racing their first 3 children until they were in college. 6 years later blessed with another baby girl whom my father named Dandy. Dandy means according to him a child who hold up and down sweetly. After weeks, they brought their child to receive her baptism at Saint Dominic Paris Chapel. The child received her baptismal feminine name Dandelle which I am carrying on. I wrote this when I was still in Third Year High School for an Auto biography project. I only included the introduction part of it for my Autobiography is long and I don't want to tell much about me.

Case Study on Finansbank Essays

Case Study on Finansbank Essays Case Study on Finansbank Essay Case Study on Finansbank Essay Finansbank 2006 Case Study â€Å"It gives us great pride that Finansbank, with its unique approach to banking, is recognized by an international bank and as a demonstration of this faith the executive management team of Finansbank is requested to continue in their current positions. Our new partner will further expand the scope of our stakeholders and customers, especially with its strong presence in the Southeastern European region. † – Husnu Ozyegin It gives us great pride that Finansbank, with its unique approach to banking, is recognized by an international bank and as a demonstration of this faith the executive management team of Finansbank is requested to continue in their current positions. Our new partner will further expand the scope of our stakeholders and customers, especially with its strong presence in the Southeastern European region. † – Husnu Ozyegin Executive Summery During almost 19 years of its history Finansbank earned an image of successful and unique bank in Turkey and across its boarders. Founder and owner of the bank Husnu Ozyegin is now faced with the crucial decision that will influence operations of the bank for the years to come. In 2005 he decided to consult with Morgan Stanley to evaluate bank for possible sale. National Bank of Greece (NBG) has the highest of three available offers. Now Ozyegin needs to decided whether he will accept this offer or not, and what impact it will have on all of the stakeholders involved. This is what we will try to investigate in this paper. Fact Sheet Purpose| Amount| FIBAs entire ownership stake in Finansbank|   | $ 2. 74 billion| For 46% of the ordinary shares of the bank| $ 2. 323 billion|   | Groups 100% stake in the founders shares of the bank| $ 451 million|   | Buying back international subsidiaries |   | $ 580 million| Summary of the NBG Offer * Turkish law required NBG to offer all minority shareholders an equivalent price per share ($5. 32/share) for their common share in a tender offer. * Branding remains the same, and the international operations will rebrand * Ozyegin would have to agree to a non-compete clause of three years starting from the date of the closing. Ozyegin is asked to stay on as Chairman for at least two years and is given a right to appoint at least two others to the ten-person board, after deal is completed. Valuation of the FInansbank and its international subsidiaries Deutsche Bank Group, NBG, YF Securities and others, results are below: Agency| Estimated Value| Deutsche Bank Group| $ 5. 467 billion| NBG | $ 5. 937 billion| YF Securities | $ 5. 702 billion| Figure 2. Valuation Results Figure 2. Valuation Results The Problem The problem that Ozyegin is facing now is to decide what the future of the bank should be. Why there is a need to sell the bank at all? Whether accepting the NGB offer is a good option? What will be impact on the stakeholders involved? Analysis In order to decide on the future of the company, this is a good point to analyze first the past experience of the bank, to look what drives its growth and success. Below are factors that helped to survive financial crisis in Turkey and to expand client database, without cutting any single job. Success factors * Cooperation of founders of the Finansbank, Ozyegin and Aras, was one of the thing that made it possible to implement all the innovative strategies that Finansbank had. Bank was primarily focused on the financial sector, it was like â€Å"banker’s bank† * It has innovative management style, focused on teams cooperation * Bank also invested heavily in the professional and personal development of its employees. So what had made Ozyegin decide to value the business and consider selling it to the foreign investor? Reasons to sell * Finansbank will benefit econo mically by diversification of risk capital after becoming a part of well diversified international financial system * It will give Finansbank opportunity to share experience and best practices with the other financial institution. It will give both banks opportunity to combine their major strengths in different financial products. * New players on the market, meaning more and more Turkish banks are acquired by international financial institutions Valuation Analyzing valuations done for this deal we can point out few things. First of all it seems to be crucial to analyze how NBG, potential buyer, valuated Finasbank. * Method used for valuation was based on approach to discount future profits from cash flows available. And based on the capital adequacy ratio it is in the range of 10% of cash. Projections for the cash flows were done in USD and were divided into three parts: * First 5 years estimates were derived from an income/cost analysis and capital investment levels * Next 20 year s were based on the assumption that the Turkish market is pursuing a path of gradual maturity and its features are converging with those of developed market * Afterwards it was assumed that constant growth rate will be dominant Valuation done by the NBG seems to be reasonable and price offered is also a good one, assuming only the information available in the specific case. So what about international subsidiaries? From the point about Turkish market future development expectations, and also taking into consideration the fact that NBG wanted to expand its business in the Turkey market, it is not surprising that NBG wanted to sell international subsidiaries back. And from the Ozyegin point of view, price offered was good deal, and it was not confusing with other issues of the agreement. And it gives him opportunity to continue developing of the company in the new markets. Corporate Governance Last point in the analysis should be evaluating structural consequences of the deal. Here we can once again point out the trust of NBG in the local management. The trust we see in the offer to Ozyegin and Aras to stay in the company and to continue being a big part of the running the business. But it is not only top management that is effective by the deal; we need not forget minority shareholders. And there are two options for them after deal is closed: * First scenario is that NBG is successful in obtaining majority of the share, either from buying additional 4. 01% of shares, or from purchasing reaming stake of Ozyegin 9. 68%. In this case nothing would really change for them much. They would still have to go to the court in case they want to object decisions made by NBG. * Second scenario is more favorable for them. In case NBG fails to obtain controlling stake of shares, minority shareholders can have more influence on the company. They can make decisions in case they are able to unite. Recommendation After all said above it is logical to recommend to Ozyegin to accept the offer. IN the fast changing environment, it is crucial to be able to adjust. And the opportunity that is offered by NBG seems to be beneficial for all related stakeholders.

Free Essays on Mesoamerica

The cultural area known as Mesoamerica covers most of Southern Mexico and Central America. It ¡Ã‚ ¯s topography and ecology include semi arid deserts in the north, mountainous terrains and steamy rainforests in the South. To the East lies the Gulf coast and the Yucatan peninsula, a limestone jetty with a system of underground rivers, where water is scarce. It shares some distinct cultural traits that were disseminated by what is known as the Olmec of the Gulf Coast. The Olmecs (1000 - 400 B.C.) are considered  ¡Ã‚ °the mother culture ¡Ã‚ ± because they were the first people to have developed a centralized government. They were the first long-distance traders of Mesoamerica and apparently spread  ¡Ã‚ °civilization ¡Ã‚ ± as well as their trade goods. They had a strong influence on peoples as far south as Guatemala and as far east as the Zapotec center of Monte Alban. They were the first to create the famous Mesoamerican ballgame which later was included in the cosmology of the Maya, the Teotihuacanos, the Zapotecs, the Mixtecs, the Toltecs, and later the Aztecs or Mexica. It is to them that scholars have attempted to link the Maya and Central Mexican Calendars as well as early writing. The calendric system of the Maya and of Central Mexico are based on a numeric system that included the concept of zero. Zeros mark completion and are part of a cycle. The calendar is really a calendric system with a 360 day solar count with 18 months containing 20 days each. Each day has its own name. At the end of the 18 months is one small month with 5 days of fear and calamity. This was intermeshed with a 260 day ritual calendar of 20 day names and 13 numbers. These two calendars created what is known as the calendar round that functioned like two circular gears that pushed time in a spiral motion. The calendar round does not repeat any of its combination of days for a period of 52 years. The Aztecs renewed their cycle with a  ¡Ã‚ °new fire ri... Free Essays on Mesoamerica Free Essays on Mesoamerica The cultural area known as Mesoamerica covers most of Southern Mexico and Central America. It’s topography and ecology include semi arid deserts in the north, mountainous terrains and steamy rainforests in the South. To the East lies the Gulf coast and the Yucatan peninsula, a limestone jetty with a system of underground rivers, where water is scarce. It shares some distinct cultural traits that were disseminated by what is known as the Olmec of the Gulf Coast. The Olmecs (1000 - 400 B.C.) are considered â€Å"the mother culture† because they were the first people to have developed a centralized government. They were the first long-distance traders of Mesoamerica and apparently spread â€Å"civilization† as well as their trade goods. They had a strong influence on peoples as far south as Guatemala and as far east as the Zapotec center of Monte Alban. They were the first to create the famous Mesoamerican ballgame which later was included in the cosmology of the Maya, the Teotihuacanos, the Zapotecs, the Mixtecs, the Toltecs, and later the Aztecs or Mexica. It is to them that scholars have attempted to link the Maya and Central Mexican Calendars as well as early writing. The calendric system of the Maya and of Central Mexico are based on a numeric system that included the concept of zero. Zeros mark completion and are part of a cycle. The calendar is really a calendric system with a 360 day solar count with 18 months containing 20 days each. Each day has its own name. At the end of the 18 months is one small month with 5 days of fear and calamity. This was intermeshed with a 260 day ritual calendar of 20 day names and 13 numbers. These two calendars created what is known as the calendar round that functioned like two circular gears that pushed time in a spiral motion. The calendar round does not repeat any of its combination of days for a period of 52 years. The Aztecs renewed their cycle with a â€Å"new fire ritualï ¿ ½... Free Essays on Mesoamerica The cultural area known as Mesoamerica covers most of Southern Mexico and Central America. It ¡Ã‚ ¯s topography and ecology include semi arid deserts in the north, mountainous terrains and steamy rainforests in the South. To the East lies the Gulf coast and the Yucatan peninsula, a limestone jetty with a system of underground rivers, where water is scarce. It shares some distinct cultural traits that were disseminated by what is known as the Olmec of the Gulf Coast. The Olmecs (1000 - 400 B.C.) are considered  ¡Ã‚ °the mother culture ¡Ã‚ ± because they were the first people to have developed a centralized government. They were the first long-distance traders of Mesoamerica and apparently spread  ¡Ã‚ °civilization ¡Ã‚ ± as well as their trade goods. They had a strong influence on peoples as far south as Guatemala and as far east as the Zapotec center of Monte Alban. They were the first to create the famous Mesoamerican ballgame which later was included in the cosmology of the Maya, the Teotihuacanos, the Zapotecs, the Mixtecs, the Toltecs, and later the Aztecs or Mexica. It is to them that scholars have attempted to link the Maya and Central Mexican Calendars as well as early writing. The calendric system of the Maya and of Central Mexico are based on a numeric system that included the concept of zero. Zeros mark completion and are part of a cycle. The calendar is really a calendric system with a 360 day solar count with 18 months containing 20 days each. Each day has its own name. At the end of the 18 months is one small month with 5 days of fear and calamity. This was intermeshed with a 260 day ritual calendar of 20 day names and 13 numbers. These two calendars created what is known as the calendar round that functioned like two circular gears that pushed time in a spiral motion. The calendar round does not repeat any of its combination of days for a period of 52 years. The Aztecs renewed their cycle with a  ¡Ã‚ °new fire ri...

Pcs Are Better Than Macs For Home Users Essays - Steve Jobs

Pcs Are Better Than Macs For Home Users Essays - Steve Jobs Pcs Are Better Than Macs For Home Users For years, Macs and PCs have been competing for home users. Apple has recently released the new iMac, and the notebook version of the iMac the iBook. Even though several years ago, Macs were better than PCs, now, PCs are better than Macs for home users in terms of performance and expansion options. To some consumers, performance is often the most important factor in buying a computer. Performance doesnt necessarily mean how well the computer performs potentially, but only on specific tasks. Both iBook and iMac are designed for home users, most of whom neither care about number of floating-point operations per second, nor know what it means. Very few home users will pay $500 for Photoshop 5.0 to edit photos on their PC. The more likely uses for home computers are: word processing, browsing the Internet, and 3-D gaming. Since the most popular word processor is developed by Microsoft and allegedly optimized for Windows, it would be unfair to compare the Mac version of MS Word with the Windows version. However, comparing the performance in 3-D games and the Internet is fair. Even though PC Magazine specializes in PCs, it reviewed the iBook as soon as it came out. The article focused on performance of the iBook and compared it to a similar IBM-compatible notebook. Since there are no new IBM-compatible notebooks that match iBooks specifications, PC Magazine decided to use the notebook they believed to be closest to iBook the IBM ThinkPad iSeries 1480. They have very few similarities: the both notebooks are available in different colors, and neither notebook has the fastest processor from its platform. Apple claims that its notebooks are up to twice as fast as comparable Microsoft Windows-based portables (qtd. in Hill 53). This statement is very vague it doesnt say how they compared the portables, and what Apple meant by comparable. Since similar statements have been made about iMac, speed will be discussed in the next section; for now, lets make sure that PC Magazine selected an appropriate notebook. The G3 processor from the iBook is one generation behind Mac desktops, whereas the ThinkPads Celeron is two generations behind other IBM-compatible notebooks. Even though Celeron is somewhat obsolete, it runs at 466 MHz versus G3s 300 MHz. Since neither processor is top-of-the-line, and both notebooks are in the same price range, it is safe to conclude that the two notebooks are comparable. Apple declares that fast, easy access to the Internet is among the features [that] made the world fall in love with the iMac (Apple). As mentioned earlier, the Internet performance is one of the uses for home computers and should be thoroughly tested. In their review, PC Magazine uses i_Bench to test the Internet performance. According to i_Bench tests, ThinkPad outperforms the iBook on almost every test (Hill 53). The only exception is the test of QuickTime Transition Effects the iBook is faster than the ThinkPad (Hill 53). Apples QuickTime is one of many formats for viewing compressed video on the Internet and is rarely used because of poor compression quality. QuickTime should not be used to test the computers performance for several reasons: it is rarely used, and is most likely optimized for Macs. On the other hand, The Java Virtual Machine test should be looked at more carefully. Java is a platform-independent programming language originally designed by Sun Corporation for another operating system, and is currently used for writing programs for the Internet. This test runs several Java programs within a browser, which simulates ordinary Internet browsing better than QuickTime. The ThinkPad impressively outperformed the iBook with the a score of 43,766 versus just 23,872 (Hill 53). Comparing the iMacs with IBM-compatible desktops creates the same problem finding the PC that is comparable to the iMac. Dave Glue, a programming student, sums up this problem in one sentence: If you're going to downgrade the PC to exactly match the iMac's MHz rating and hard disk, you'll have a significantly cheaper PC than the iMac. Even when comparing computers of equal price, another problem appears they run two completely different operating systems. Apple uses BYTEmark (Apple), which tests the processors integer and floating point capabilities (Byte) to

Exploring the learning impact of Venezuelan students anti-government protest

Exploring the learning impact of Venezuelan students anti-government protest Hashtag: #concluTINTORI Exploring the learning impact of Venezuelan students’ anti-government protest. Implications of Students Absence in Learning Jay Mathews says, â€Å"Books at home push kids toward more schooling† because kids with books at home according to a global study tend to have more years of schooling and become successful professionals. However, books in Venezuelan home seem inadequate, as students are often not in class but out there in the street protesting against President Maduro’s with some them bleeding from police brutality. Some of these students were arrested, charged, tortured, and few others were killed as shown in #concluTINTORI or Conclusions a show hosted by journalist Lillian Tintori, a human rights advocate. Students’ anti-government rallies in and out Venezuelan university campuses are common and sometimes violent due to alleged government anti-dispersal units used of force such as shooting protesters at point blank range. The bigger problem, however, is the fact these students should be in class learning and developing their skills for their chosen career. The result of a study on academic performance suggests that students’ attendance affects their learning. Those with high attendance rate were doing well compared to students who were frequently not in class. Similarly, a UK study shows the strong correlation between attendance and academic achievement. Absenteeism increased with each grade level while dropout rate is greater in students with poor attendance. Want to know more? Go here: Womens Right to Education Developing Students Creativity Perspiration Is Nothing without Inspiration Practice What You Preach Is Sports Competition Relevant to Academic Learning Study of reasons for excessive student absence from class found illness as the main cause of absences. Absenteeism in Venezuela according to a 2007 study was the highest among participating countries at 18% compared to Portugal with 2.8%. Around 4% of the population had less than 2 years of education, 4.6 of children aged 7-16 had no education. Since the university rallies started in mid-2014, academic activities in around 18 underfunded universities are irregular. Faculty members, instructional materials, laboratory supplies, and others are scarce. The absences and interruptions in classes will likely affect their academic performance. Absenteeism in higher education often correlates with grades obtained by students. Students skip classes for both health and social reasons such as racism and school climate. The teacher-students ratio significantly affects learning while poor working environment degrade the quality of teaching. Statistics taken from OECD countries suggest that students spent almost half of required lesson hours in schools with shortages in teachers and educational resources. Poor quality of teaching and school environment has a cumulative and debilitating effect on students’ achievement. In fact, the study found that it is more influential than socio-economic factors. The economic crisis according to the report is intensifying as basic commodities are gradually disappearing from the shelves. The violent protest, on the other hand, will likely cause further damage to property, additional injuries and deaths, and further deterioration in the functioning of educational institutions including learning of Venezuelan students. There is probably a need for school and student leaders to talk and share ideas on the possibility of achieving peace through dialogue. This is because quality education cannot be achieved through protest. In fact, it will further increase the rate of violence, number of casualties, the extent of property damage, and economic difficulties.

See intructions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

See intructions - Essay Example The person or group of persons is what Hobbes calls sovereign (Lloyd-Hughes 151). The sovereign enters into a covenant with the people to provide them with peace and defense in return for surrendering their rights. However, he or she is guided by laws and in case the sovereign fails to protect the subjects, they can remove him from power. The citizens thus accept such a sovereign in order to ensure peace and protection. In state of nature, men are competitive and need someone to safeguard their property. Q2: Hobbes: State of Nature In the state of nature according to Hobbes, the life of man is â€Å"solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short† (Lloyd-Hughes 149). Men in this state are equal in body and minds thus become enemies often. Moreover they are primitive thus have â€Å"no industry, culture, cannot account for time, have no arts and no society† (149). As s result, these men quarrel most of the time as they compete with each other. They become brutish and nasty and solitary as they live in continued fear and danger of death. Furthermore, they are not aware of what is right or wrong thus engage in war against each other all the time. They are also poor and do not have accommodation or own property. It is the sovereign who apportions them land and proscribes rules of ownership after a government is formed. Q3: Liberty According to natural laws all men have the natural right of liberty and as such, use such liberty to preserve his life. Even though the renounce this right for greater gain to the sovereign, they never lose the right to life and liberty (Lloyd-Hughes 150). However, there are boundaries to these liberties. An individual cannot use this liberty to inflict harm on himself or others as consequences follow as set out in the laws of the land. Liberty is to be used only to do what is profitable to them. Liberty is also limited to the particular commonwealth as each jurisdiction has its own laws what is acceptable by one nation may not be acceptable by another. Subjects also have a right to sue against subjects for violating their rights. Q4: Machiavelli: Skill (virtu) and Fortune (Fortuna) Nicollo Machiavelli in the Prince did differentiate between skill and fortune. He referred to fortune as the ability to become a prince through luck or opportunities. For example the Theseus succeeded to conquer Athenians because Athenians were dispersed (Lloyd-Hughes 91-92). That is sheer luck and wise kinds should not rely on it as fortunes can change any time. Many princes inherited dynasties but could not keep them due to lack of skills; for example, the king of Naples. Great princes are those who have the skills and ability to control fortunes such as ruthlessness, bravery and pride. This is due to the fact that â€Å"fortune rules half of our actions†¦.the other half is determined by skill and ability† (91). He says that God sends us floods but men can change future events by taking actions that can control the f loods in future. Q5: Is It Better for Ruler to be Loved or Feared? For Machiavelli, most people would like to be loved and feared at the same time but it is much better to be feared than loved. This is because in their nature, men are â€Å"ungrateful, fickle, false, and cowardly† (Lloyd-Hughes 97). As such, these men give promises to the ruler only to retreat when things get worse. They do everything for their own interest and betray you at any time. He also claims that men love on their own will

This is for principles of Law and taxation Term Paper

This is for principles of Law and taxation - Term Paper Example The country has over time carried out fundamental reforms in its judicial system that gets geared towards promoting democracy in the country. The third part of the constitution of Azerbaijan got adopted in 1995. The national leader of Azerbaijan, Haydar Aliyev, led these judicial reforms. Among the Acts that got adopted was the constitutional court act, courts and judges’ act, public prosecution act, police act and operational investigational act (Kruger 231). All the above acts met the requirements of international law. Following these reforms, there was an establishment of a three-staged independent judiciary system. The first degree of the judiciary system comprised of the courts of appeal and the court of Cassation. Presently, city courts act as first degree jurisdictional courts. The military courts and the local economic courts act as territorial jurisdictional courts. The supreme court of Azerbaijan comprises of four chambers. The four chambers are the civil chamber, the criminal chamber, the military chamber and the administrative-economic chamber. The four chambers serve the different types of legal cases in the country depending on the nature of the case. The Supreme Court treats the decisions made by the courts of appeal in cassational order. In January 19, 2006, the president of Azerbaijan signed a decree which would ensure that the judicial reforms in the country bridge on to the next phase (Motyl & Amanda 57). The constitutional court of Azerbaijan provides the highest authority of the constitution. The judicial-legal counsel act came into place in 2005. The act outlined the measures to be taken to make the human rights provided in the constitutional effective. The counsel constituted of 15 persons 9 of which were judges. The others were representatives of the president and other statutory bodies such as the parliament. The training sector of judges got further established under the counsel (Motyl &