10 Most Remarkable Posthumously Published Books - 1595 Words

10 Most Remarkable Posthumously Published Books How to deal with an author’s unpublished work after death is a much debated issue. Many famous authors have had their works published after their death, some with their blessings and others against their explicitly stated wishes. Nabokov didnt want The Original of Laura to be released. He had instructed his son Dmitri in his will to destroy the manuscript but Dmitiri wasnt inclined to obey, inciting a debate over which is more important — an authors last wishes or literary posterity. For better or worse, here are ten such remarkable works that have been published after the author has passed on. 10. Suite Francaise by Irene Nemirovsky Died: 1942 Published: 2004 Suite Franà §aise is one of the great first-hand novelistic chronicles of life in Nazi occupied France. In July 1942, having just completed the first two of a planned sequence of five novels, Nà ©mirovsky was apprehended as a stateless person of Jewish descent and deported to Auschwitz, where she died. Her two small daughters escaped, along with the manuscript of Suite Franà §aise in a small suitcase. Ironically, her elder daughter, Denise, kept the manuscript for fifty years without reading it, thinking it was a journal, possibly too agonizing to read. In the 1990s, she made arrangements to donate her mothers papers to a French war archive, and decided to check out what her mother had written. She discovered, instead of a diary, two novellas written in aShow MoreRelated Machiavellian Advice from The Prince1097 Words   |  5 PagesPrince, Machiavelli’s most recognized and popular discourse on morality and power, the author discusses and compares numerous aspects of the ne cessary attributes of a successful ruler. While he debates the pros and cons of vice and virtue, Machiavelli presents a compelling case for the adroit application of vice, in the event that princely virtues will threaten the sovereignty of authority. Most of Machiavelli’s work, including the The Prince, was only formally published posthumously, and the assumptionRead More Charles Baudelaire: Romantic, Parnassian, and Symbolist Essay example1712 Words   |  7 Pagescontemplative style. These associations have deemed him as a â€Å"patron saint of modernist poetry† while at the same time closely tying his style in with the turbulent revolutionary movements in France and Europe during the 19th century (Haviland, screens 5-10). By comparing three of his poems, â€Å"Spleen,† â€Å"Elevation,† and â€Å"To One Who Is Too Gay,† from his masterpiece The Flowers of Evil, three evident commonalities can be found throughout the works in the influence that the three 19th-century styles of RomanticismRead MoreLiterary Group in British Poetry5631 Words   |  23 PagesThe history of English poetry stretches from the middle of the 7th century to the present day. Over this period, English poets have written some of the most enduring poems in Western culture, and the language and its poetry have spread around the globe. Consequently, the term English poetry is unavoidably ambiguous. It can mean poetry written in England, or poetry written in the English language. The earliest surviving poetry was likely transmitted orally and then written down in versions that doRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe / Emily Dickinson3782 Words   |  16 Pagesromanticism. In the decline and the fall of the romantic ideal (1948) F.L. lucus counted 11,396 definitions of romanticism. In classic romantic and modern Barzun cites example of synonymous usage for romantic, which shows that it is perhaps the most remarkable examples of a term, which can mean many things according to personal and individual needs. The word romance has a complex and interesting history. In the Middle Ages romance denoted the new vernacular languages derived from Latin in contradistinctionRead MoreFreedom Fighters of India11786 Words   |  48 PagesIndian Union.   Bal Gangadhar Tilak Bal Gangadhar Tilak was one of the firebrand freedom fighters of India. He gave the slogan- Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it. To serve the cause of freedom and countrymen Tilak founded schools and published newspapers. Tilak was famous as one of the trios- Bal, Pal and Lal. People loved him and accepted him as their leaders and so he was called Lokmanya Tilak.   Ram Prasad Bismil Ram Prasad Bismil was one of those young revolutionaries who laid down

Gwendolyn Brooks Essay - 1061 Words

Gwendolyn Brooks- A Critical Analysis of Her Work nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Gwendolyn Brooks is the female poet who has been most responsive to changes in the black community, particularly in the community’s vision of itself. The first African American to be awarded a Pulitzer Prize; she was considered one of America’s most distinguished poets well before the age of fifty. Known for her technical artistry, she has succeeded in forms as disparate as Italian terza rima and the blues. She has been praised for her wisdom and insight into the African Experience in America. Her works reflect both the paradises and the hells of the black people of the world. Her writing is objective, but her characters speak for themselves. Although the†¦show more content†¦The three round O sounds in the first line are a mouthful, and create an almost whispery quality that is reminiscent of the worn quality of the people. Dinner is a casual affair is a line with soft vowel sounds, which are easier to swallow than the long sounds of t he first line. This coincides once again with the implications of the words. The first line paints almost a dreary picture, while the second adds an air of lightness. These vowel tones segue into a more caustic series of consonant combinations in the rest of the stanza. Tin flatware imitates the sound of the forks and spoons hitting the ‘plain creaking wood’. The repetition of ‘plain’ introduces a pattern of repetition that will appear throughout the poem. A relief from the biting consonant tones of the last two lines comes with an almost cooing first line of the second stanza. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The line Two who are Mostly Good allows the reader to dig for meaning. Brooks has encouraged young writers to allow for interpretation of their writing, and this is a perfect example of her own advice. The internal capitalization of Mostly Good is somewhat confusing. In a recording by the author the words are not emphasized. Rather, one can assume that the words are capitalized not for auditory emphasis, but for their important meaning. Brooks seems to be making the statement that no one is completely good, but does notShow MoreRelatedGwendolyn Brooks s The Mother1212 Words   |  5 Pages Gwendolyn Brooks is a famous, African American poetess who is famous for making a social commentary upon the urban society in which she lives. Clearly seen in three of her more popular poems, â€Å"the mother†, â€Å"a song in the front yard†, and â€Å"What shall I give my children? Who are poor?†, Brooks uses the struggles of impoverished motherhood to comment on the stymied lives of adult black women. This is obviously evident in her use of the tone of hopelessness, which transcends all three poems in differingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Gwendolyn Brooks 1030 Words   |  5 Pagesstop?† (â€Å"Gwendolyn† BrainyQuote.com) Gwendolyn Brooks, born in 1917 in Kansas grew up with her father, David Anderson Brooks and her mother, Keziah Wims Brooks. Although born in Kansas, Gwendolyn was raised in Illinois (Shor). Throughout her life she dealt with real issues and confronted them within her writing. Her thoughts and poetry would continue to be relev ant for decades, even as time goes on, the world still remains a broken place. â€Å"The Brooks household was a happy one, and Gwendolyn thrivedRead MoreGwendolyn Brooks As A Poet2100 Words   |  9 PagesGwendolyn Brooks was born in Topeka, Kansas on June 7, 1917, to her parents David and Keziah Brooks, after her birth, the Brooks’ decided to move the family to the South Side of Chicago. Where Brooks grew up and lived the rest of her life there, there Brooks would experience racial prejudice in school. The young poet found comfort in reading and writing, which her parents actively encouraged Brooks’ mother declared to her, that she is going to be a poet. Brooks published her first poem EventideRead MoreWe Real Cool by Gwendolyn Brooks532 Words   |  2 Pagespoem â€Å"We Real Cool†, written by Gwendolyn Brooks, is about a group of seven young boys who abandoned school to live the street life. They can’t wait to live a fun carefree life, drinking, partying and ditching all responsibility. Throughout this poem, Brooks is sending a clear message to her reader with the use of rhyme and imagery she creates a lasting impression showing that dropping out of school in order to embrace the street life amounts to nothing in the end. Brooks begins her poem with seven boysRead More Brooks, Gwendolyn Essay example623 Words   |  3 PagesBrooks, Gwendolyn Poet, writer. Born June 7, 1917, in Topeka, Kansas. Throughout most of the twentieth century, Gwendolyn Brooks was a lyrical chronicler of the black urban experience in America. In 1950, she became the first African-American poet to win the Pulitzer Prize. Brooks grew up on the South Side of Chicago, Illinois. She began writing poetry as a young girl, and by the age of 16 had begun publishing her poems regularly in The Chicago Defender. She attended the Woodrow Wilson JuniorRead MoreGwendolyn Brooks : Poetry And Poetry2960 Words   |  12 PagesGwendolyn Brooks Poets and poetry surround us in our everyday lives . From Langston Hughes to Phyllis Wheatley. One that is commonly known is Gwendolyn Brooks. Brooks is highly recognized in the poetry world especially for being the first black female poet to win the Pulitzer Prize. In regards to Brooks’ poetry it is no disappointment for her words are heart wrenching and thought provoking. Brooks focuses on the struggle of African Americans and sheds light on the poverty and issues they go throughRead More Gwendolyn Brooks We Real Cool Essay1347 Words   |  6 PagesGwendolyn Brooks We Real Cool The poem We Real Cool by Gwendolyn Brooks is a stream of the thoughts of poor inner city African-Americans who have adopted a hoodlum lifestyle. Though many can have different interpretations of this poem, it is fair to look at the life and career or the works and influences of Gwendolyn Brooks. The life and art of the black American poet, Gwendolyn Brooks, began on June 7, 1917 when she was born in Topeka, Kansas. She was the first child of Keziah CorineRead MoreAnalysis Of Gwendolyn Brooks s Kitchenette Building 1216 Words   |  5 Pagesare usually the ones that are most likely to be remembered. Our society is still connected to the past through time-stained poems that hold the same message to us as they did years ago—but whether or not this is a good thing varies. I chose Gwendolyn Brooks’ â€Å"kitchenette building† to recite and analyze because its message still resonates in today’s society—that the poor cannot afford to have dreams. There are still people living in poverty today who cannot afford to do just that—who want to butRead MoreThe Message of Gwendolyn Brooks We Real Cool536 Words   |  3 PagesThe Message of Gwendolyn Brooks We Real Cool We Real Cool is a short, yet powerful poem by Gwendolyn Brooks that sends a life learning message to its reader. The message Brooks is trying to send is that dropping out of school and roaming the streets is in fact not cool but in actuality a dead end street. Brooks conveys her message in an ironic manner, which is presented in the title of the poem. Before actually reading the 10 line poem the first thing that grabs the readers attentionRead MoreAnalysis Of Gwendolyn Brooks s Lights And Shadows 861 Words   |  4 PagesGwendolyn brooks was born in Topeka, Kansas. Her family moved to Chicago during the great migration when Brooks was six weeks old. Her first poem was published when she was 13 and at the age of 17, she already had a series of poems published in the poetry column â€Å"Lights and shadows† in the Chicago defender newspaper. . After working for The NAACP, she began to write poems that focus on urban poor blacks. Those poems were later published as a collection in 1945. The collection was titled A Street

Business Plan - 12716 Words

Business Plan Analysis Simulation: PEGASUS TRAVEL (Pegasus Travel is not technically a business plan but rather a Business Plan Analysis Simulation. The plan is based on an undergraduate project idea and a significant amount of additional research and written input from the authors. While the case contains enough depth to warrant a robust discussion on the Pegasus strategy and future direction as a bona fide business, the real objective is to aid the students in more effectively completing their own business plans.) 643 Pegasus Travel.com: * Fasten Your Seatbelts! A Business Plan Analysis and Simulation * Boston College Professors Michael Peters and Gregory Stoller adapted this business plan and prepared this case as the†¦show more content†¦Apart from the industry itself, the target market of seniors is growing significantly. The addition of baby boomers in five years means that seniors will continue to be the fastest growing demographic group. In 2004, about 27% of all seniors will have access to the Internet. Currently, research indicates that seniors spend 8.3 hours a week online, more time than the average college student. Furthermore, seniors have more disposable income, and time on their hands, due to the lack of financial or employment commitments. Seniors spend most of their recreational budget on traveling and want to explore new opportunities that have escaped them in the past. Pegasus plans to attract and retain customers through its advertising and services. Banner ads will be placed on the top-ten senior and baby boomers web sites in order to generate traffic an d create brand awareness. Print ads in leisure and senior magazines will supplement online advertising. A direct mail campaign including promotions, discounts and upcoming tours is also planned, for seniors who have become members of the web site community. In order to start-up the business, the Company foresees that it will require $2.1 million in venture capital. The high start-up costs are attributable to the aggressive marketing the Company will undertake. The main shareholders of the group will not be drawingShow MoreRelatedBusiness Plan For A Business Essay1708 Words   |  7 Pagesbrand-new business, expand an existing company, or get financing for a business venture, you will need to write a business plan. A business plan not only lends your business a sense of credibility, but also helps you to cover all your bases, increasing your chances of success. Although writing a business plan can be a lengthy, intimidating project, it is not necessarily difficult. Here is an overview of how to write a successful business plan. What to Include in Your Business Plan Your businessRead MoreBusiness Plan For A New Venture1355 Words   |  6 PagesA business plan can be used for beginning a new business, to create a more profitable business or for consideration of new services and ideas. A business plan is a written document that gives details on a business idea or venture and present the outlook of the business over a number of years. This plan will guide the business project management and operations, assist in vital decisions and measure performance. There are many types of business plans and not one of them is considered a universal planRead MoreEssay about Creating a Business Plan1119 Words   |  5 Pagesyou must have guidelines, so to speak, to know where you are heading in the future. That is why before you can start a business you need to draw up a detailed business plan. Business plans are considered blueprints. A business plan is what is needed to get your business off the ground and to attract potential investors. A business plan is way to show that you are in the business to make money. Introduce the company and the product/service idea for the new venture. Triple S Night Club is a new companyRead MoreBusiness Plan For An Casual Dining Mexican Restaurant1804 Words   |  8 PagesThe critical analysis essay is based on the business plan of an upcoming casual dining Mexican restaurant in an upmarket locality of Benowa Gardens, Gold Coast, Queensland. The restaurant is called Burrito Bar, which specialises in modern Mexican food along with alcoholic drinks and operates on a franchising model. The business plan was made by one Mr.Paddu for the purpose of procuring a bank loan/private funding to kick-start the project. The business plan follows the general format used in the restaurant/hospitalityRead MoreRenee Business Plan5082 Words   |  21 PagesBusiness Plan for a Startup Business The business plan consists of a narrative and several financial worksheets. The narrative template is the body of the business plan. It contains more than 150 questions divided into several sections. Work through the sections in any order that you want, except for the Executive Summary, which should be done last. Skip any questions that do not apply to your type of business. When you are finished writing your first draft, you’ll have a collection of small essaysRead MoreBusiness Plan For A Business1546 Words   |  7 Pagesenterprise, especially a business, usually with considerable initiative or risk†. They are usually characterized as people with greatly valued self-reliance, with high optimism and people who who strive for distinction through excellence. I am interested in starting my own basketball business and becoming an entrepreneur. In order to start a business I need a business plan. From research, I have learned that my business plan needs to have an executive summary, identification of my business, financial recordsRead MoreBusiness Plan For A Business840 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Business plans are statement of a business goals, reason they are attainable and plans on meeting it’ (FoxBuisness, 2013). A business plan maps the course and gives a detail plan on how these goals are achievable. It is also important to establish a solid business plan for funding. Some small business use venture capital, bank loans, personal funds, and private investors as sources of funding. The business plan must therefore, sell investors. A well-written convincing business plan can buy investorsRead MoreBusiness Plan1439 Words   |  6 PagesBusiness Plan What is Blueberry Nights? Type: bar and restaurant for young people Category: II. class Service method: plate service Menu type: A’la Carte Opening hours: Sunday to Wednesday 10:00-22:00 Thursday to Saturday 13:00-05:00 No day off Target market: students, tourists and residents Location: Budapest, Margit kà ¶rà ºt Few steps from Margaret Island Easy to reach by tram Seating capacity: 120 (80+40) 1st floor: kitchen area, 80 seated restaurant, bar, armchairsRead Morebusiness plan5494 Words   |  22 Pagesbecause we as a young generation that want to open new shop sold the â€Å"Keropok Leko†. OBJECTIVE OF THE ORGANIZATION Every business opportunity begins with the existence of various customers needs and wants for particular product or service. A need is something that is basic in life such as food, clothes and shelter. Therefore, our companies take these advantages and venture a business based on food industries. Our main activity is to manufacture keropok lekor that is made from fish paste, flour, and saltsRead MoreBusiness Plan For A Business1866 Words   |  8 Pages Business Plan Buiness model in theory and practice according to Wikipedia is used for a broad range of informal and forma l descriptions to represent the core aspects of a business, including the purposes of that business, its process, target customers, of ferings, strategies , infrastructure, organizational structures, trading practice, and operational processes and policies . Below, we would look at two kinds of business model (franchise and tradition al business) , their pros and cons, o r their

My Hate And Love Of Poetry - 1201 Words

From My Hate To Love of Poetry I hated poetry, loathed it even. Until eighth grade I hated writing, reading, or even listening to poetry. Something about it was remarkably confusing and annoying. Anyone that knows me would most likely think I would enjoy poetry. I am a extremely slow reader, so the fact that poetry is almost always short and easy to read would make people think it is something I would appreciate. The problem with poetry was constantly not having any idea what the author was trying to tell the reader.. Yes, there was an occasional poem that I could really understand. For the most part, though; I would not be able to understand any of them. I always avoided anything that made me feel unintelligent, from that stemmed my†¦show more content†¦Meaning that we need to try and understand what the author of this poem is trying to tell us. The only thing that I have a huge issue with, is the one thing he is demands that we do. As he is telling all this I am sinking in to my seat farther and farther. I try not to completely lose my cool as I freak out that on the inside that my grade in this class is going to tank. And poetry is all to blame. When he hands out the first poem a few days later, the anxiety comes back. First he reads through it. My hands shake with the paper in them. It gets so bad that I have to lay it down on the desk. I wipe my palms on my jeans from the sweat that is starting to form, heartbeat speeding up again. When he is finished reading it to us all I can think is, â€Å" I am sooo screwed!† Mr.Stell then says, â€Å"These are meant to help you think deeper. Most of you are most likely freaked out because you have no idea what that said.† I glance around the room and see most people look the way that I feel. I can feel the relief flow through my body as I realize I am not the only one that does not know what they are doing. As I actively read through the poem I look for the things he told us to look for. I circle, highlight, and underline trying so hard to try and grasp what the author is trying to convey through his words. And soon enough it is time for the first socratic circle. When I walk into class that day the relief has worn off and the anxiety has come back full force. Palms areShow MoreRelatedHate Poem by Julie Sheehan790 Words   |  4 PagesTone is a major contributor to the work of the â€Å"Hate Poem†. â€Å"Tone is an aspect of point of view since it has a great deal to do with the narrator. Tone is the narrator’s predominant attitude toward the subject, whether that subject is a place, event, character or idea† (Writing Essays about Literature, Kelley Griffith page 46). When analyzing the â€Å"Hate Poem† by Julie Sheehan, â€Å"To understand the tone of the poem, we need to listen to the words, as we might listen to an actual conversation. TheRead MorePo etry Project826 Words   |  4 PagesPoetry Project Introduction These poems are all written based off of my, Miciah’s, opinions. I have a distinct perspective on religion, therefore I chose to write a poem describing hate and love and how I thing religion is a dumb idea. My poem is titled â€Å"Hate and Love†, based off of the poem â€Å"Fire and Ice† by Robert Frost. In it I concur to what religion claims, symbolically saying that religion is wrong and not serious. I used the same exact syllables and rhyme scheme as â€Å"Fire and Ice† by RobertRead MoreThe Romantic Era Of The Age Of Enlightenment890 Words   |  4 PagesAustria, and Prague, and The American Civil War, fought from 1861 to 1865 (Romanticism Timeline ). Romantic poets like Walt Whitman, who experienced the American Civil War first hand (Walt Whitman), used their experiences with the wars to create their poetry. The elements of the arts, musical, literary, and illustrated, that the romantics used in their work included things like; personal freedom, emotion, nature, the spiritual and the supernatural, the simple life of the noble savage, a characterRead MoreEssay on Maya Angelou1185 Words   |  5 Pagesquestions that come consecutively in my mind: how does Angelous Artful Pose demonstrates the attitude toward writing of her poetry? How In a Time does reveal Angelous ambivalence to love? Angelou describes her feelings in everything she writes, and one thematic element Angelou uses, is the theme of antithesis. For example, in the poem, Artful Pose this thematic element is obvious. In the lines, in their delights some poets sing their melodies tendering my nights [...] (3-5) words such asRead MoreFire And Ice By Robert Frost947 Words   |  4 PagesThere is more than a million poems in the world it seems that are written by Robert Frost, but the most interesting is his Fire and Ice Poem. While reading poetry is not a strong point for some people poetry can open up a whole new world of ideas within a few short sentences no matter how big or small the poem is. Fire and Ice by Robert Frost seems to want to tell the reader how the world might end which mostly true but on the other hand the poem bring out a whole other meaning to just how pressesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Captains Verses By Pablo Neruda1191 Words   |  5 PagesCritical Poetry Essay The book â€Å"The Captain’s Verses† by Pablo Neruda, there are many love poems. Poems that express different ways of loving someone. I decided to pick Nerudas body of work because of how smooth and elegant his poems sound. They express so much passion towards a person and also send a message. When reading his poems I would be able to understand the emotion the poem carried. This is the first thing that caught my attention from his poems. The emotions each and every one of themRead MoreSylvia Plath ´s Life and Literature1059 Words   |  4 Pagesshed in a unique way displaying the ache of intervention. Sylvia’s unique writing style and tone amplify her relation to the struggles that everyone goes through. The pinnacle of her writing is in the form of two poems; these poems are â€Å"Mad Girl’s Love Song† and â€Å"Daddy†. Utilizing every literary device, Ms. Plath is able to immerse the reader in the conflict of her past. The immersion in a situation is so adept that the emotion is not only more natural but compelling as well. If Sylvia’s dialecticalRead MoreAmerica, by Claude McKay Essay1103 Words   |  5 Pages The poem America by Claude McKay is on its surface a poem combining what America should be and what this country stands for, with what it actually is, and the attitude it projects amongst the people. Mckay uses the form of poetry to express how he, as a Jamaican immigrant, feels about America. He characterizes the bittersweet relationship between striving for the American dream, and being denied that dream due to racism. While the America we are meant to see is a beautiful land of opportunity,Read More Rap Vs Poetry Essay1383 Words   |  6 Pages quot;When I first started rapping, me and a couple brothers would all sit around my place freestyling while someone beat boxed. I even used to tell all the girls that I was a poet. They seemed to find it a little more touching than a rapperquot; (Prince Paul, The Source 16) The lyrics of rappers are very similar to the words of Black poets. It is argued as to wether or not rap is a viable form of poetry. Both discuss similar subjects, write in the same style and use the same type of languageRead MoreA Malevolent Villain Essay1086 Words   |  5 Pagesmanipulative behaviors. The first evidence of Iago’s malicious villainy is his misogyny. Iago hates women and repeatedly debases sex. He is cruel to his wife and does not show her love. Henry L. Warnken discusses Iago’s hatred for women saying, â€Å"For him (Iago), mankind is corruptible; love is a mere illusion; women are inferior beings.† He does not think of women as fully human and does not believe in love. When Emilia comes to him saying she has a thing for him he automatically assumes she wants to

Shoe-Horn Sonata Free Essays

An individual’s perception of the world is unique, conflicted by emotions and heavily influenced by their surroundings, thus giving individuals a distinct interpretation of how distinctive experiences convey meaning. The play â€Å"the Shoehorn Sonata† composed by John Misto in which he explores distinctive experiences highlighting themes and memories, evidently both characters Bridie and Sheila overcame themes of adversity, captivity, human rights and ultimately friendship through embracing their experiences. Misto’s main focus was to bring forth awareness for the nurses through distinctive experiences. We will write a custom essay sample on Shoe-Horn Sonata or any similar topic only for you Order Now John Misto cleverly instigates aspects of lack of freedom via bringing forth past experiences involved in shaping the character’s state of mind. Moreover Misto explores the theme captivity and notions of lack of human rights through Bridie’s traumatic war experiences, â€Å"Filthy pits-dug out in the open. We weren’t allowed privacy†, a basic human right stripped away by the Japanese in which Misto used the pits-dug out to symbolise lack of freedom. Furthermore Bridie’s past experiences introduced via anecdotes evoked past emotions of hatred and fear amongst the Japanese when situated near them, â€Å"Bus load of Japanese tourists†¦ surrounded me, my heart began to pound in terror†, Bridie’s past experiences manipulated her state of mind, this is evident in Bridie’s perception of harmless Japanese tourists. More so Misto’s utilisation of hyperbole, â€Å"pound in terror† while facing the audience, Bridie broke the fourth wall as a result it displayed Bridie’s fragile condition allowing the audience to sympathise for Bridie. This notion further reinforced by the incorporation of juxtaposition contrasting past experiences within the camp to her response while surrounded by harmless Japanese tourists 50 years later. Additionally, Misto’s purpose was to bring light to the lack of awareness of the nurses to ensure they received recognition for the events they’ve endured. Throughout the play Misto’s input of projections of war atrocities reinforce Bridie and Sheila’s anecdotes of pain and hardship. In addition this not only reinforces the distinctively visual that are being perceived through the dialogue but as well concrete images Misto utilises in conjunction to the abstract stories to reflect the period Bridie and Sheila was in the camp. In particular Misto’s application of symbolism in scenes 13 creates emphasis on the diaries; â€Å"those diaries were our only hope†. A piece of history that re-tell the events which occurred during WWII in the Japanese camps were burned by British, Misto ideally wanted this scene to be acknowledged by audience in order for them to understand Sheila’s perspective. It was apparent the British did not want the events that impacted the women’s lives to be known, as they would be considered a shame to the empire. Furthermore it is transparent that the British’s response to burn the diaries affected Sheila’s decision to stay in Perth instead of moving back to her homeland, this notion of staying in Australia is strongly juxtaposed as Sheila is patriotic â€Å"one never stops being British. Nor does one not want to. † How to cite Shoe-Horn Sonata, Papers

The Policy of French Colonial Expansion-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Policy of French Colonial Expansion. Answer: French Colonial Expansion is a policy of accumulating the economic and political blend in France. It was connected by the three sets of ideas: Economic ideas, the most far-reaching ideas of civilization and the ideas of a political and patriotic sort (Ferry, 1884). The industrial rebellion was not simply an instance of immense progression for the western countries but was uniformly upsetting for the European countries, particularly that of France. The argument that Jules Ferry has evolved is the supporting manner for the native country by providing securities in economic, civilized and political view. For the Asian and African countries, the colonial expression is the developing natures of the most of the underdeveloped areas are found here. Colonial education expansion is the right way to develop and educate these countries people and justify their people existence (Furnivall, 2014). The view of the argument also justifies the national defense structure and elaborates the strategies of military and naval force of the country (Bancel, Blanchard Thomas, 2017). Instead, the duty entails liberality and honesty and consequently is a resource of humanizing the lives of the inferior races, instead of abusing them. This theoretical obligation made colonization of the African countries appear like the dignified obsession to do and that is the real concern for the country (Whiteman, 2017). It was for the reason that the United States and Germany had place trade barriers. The Markets of France weren't the only attenuation but being taken over by "great states" (Ferry, 1884). Colonial institutions are deliberated to be a central determinate of post-independence levels of supporting immovability, profitable development, and communal supplies stipulation. Consequences for urban areas and centrally-provided community merchandise demonstrate no such outcome, signifying that post-independence policies also play a position in influential outcomes (Christelow, 2014). In this demonstrative analysis, the main discussion point is also highlighted by the higher race and lower race of people. In this civilized face of colonial expression, the overture of slavery and the generosity are the grandeur of the civilizing duty. The consideration of supply of coal, high seas wreck, and defense provisioning all these is constituted by the naval and military service of the country (Bancel, Blanchard Thomas, 2017). Colonial interventio n is also recommended as the improvement of their service quality which is simply a defense strengthens policy for the nation (Ferry, 1884). Therefore it can be concluded that accommodation of French colonies and the slave trade policies are the elimination issue that holds back a creative impact on the French empowerment. The growing nation and the most striking part of the colonial understanding are important for the nation to mitigate the violence over the colonies and provide the good amount of consideration to the nation. When one considers that the Algerian Sahara was a regal boundary that France only engaged incrementally over a phase of fifty years, this disagreement is less intrepid than the more noteworthy points driven in every of the books four parts. Thus, colonization and the education influence are important and relevant for the standardization of France and their revolution. References Furnivall, J. S. (2014).Colonial policy and practice. Cambridge University Press. Christelow, A. (2014).Muslim law courts and the French colonial state in Algeria. Princeton University Press. Whiteman, J. J. (2017).Reform, revolution and French global policy, 1787-1791. Routledge. Bancel, N., Blanchard, P., Thomas, D. (Eds.). (2017).The Colonial Legacy in France: Fracture, Rupture, and Apartheid. Indiana University Press. Ferry, J. (1884). On French Colonial Expansion.trans. R. Kleinman, in J. Ferry Speech Before the French Chamber of Deputies.

World Is Changing Rapidly competitive Global-myassignmenthelp.com

Question: World Is How To Changing Rapidly and Competitive Global? Answer: Introduction In this competitive era, the world is changing rapidly and becoming global. The traditional policies of doing work are changing significantly. The way to assist the private life was known as traditional employment. In traditional employment, the workers were paid more attention on their private life as compared to office life. The work life flexibility is becoming essential in this era of globalization and internationalization (Wood, 1999). The companies of Australia are quickly seeing for techniques of creating their worker lives well-proportioned and harmonious among family as well as work. Work-life balance enhancements indicate that competitive advantage can be attained by manager through making a logical association among individuals home and work. The stress level in the job will decline and enjoyment in the homes will enhance. This makes the enhancement in performance of worker in the office as well as optimistic image for the company (Madsen, 2006). An appropriate balance in life is considered essential for everyone. It is analyzed that future of workplace contains several issues and prospects for employees and HRM. In this essay, we will discuss that how work-life flexibility will change work-life balance. The essay will highlight the implications for employees when work-life flexibility will change work-life balance. In next part, the implications for HRM will be discussed. The implications for manager regarding work-life balance will be demonstrated in next part. The last part of essay highlights various concluding remarks and recommendations. The implications for employees, managers, and HRM regarding work life balance and work life flexibility will be discussed comprehensively in this essay. Implications for Employees The world is changing rapidly and becoming global and international. Due to change in environment and markets, the strategies and polices of doing work are also changing. Nowadays, the employees are becoming more conscious about work-life balance. Because of the recent capability scarcities experienced by Australia as well as New Zealand, it is becoming essential for the companies to squeeze practices of work-life flexibility to appeal and retain expert workforce (Aminah, 2007). The companies are required to attract and retain employees from diverse sources and communal groups. The companies must make sure that they not only motivate but dictate an appropriate as well as useful policy of work-life flexibility. This policy will gratify the requirements of workers as well as companies. It is analyzed that work-life flexibility will replace the work-life balance. This is an anticipated change for the future. This change contains several challenges and opportunities for employees. Work-life flexibility contains several opportunities for the employees (Bardoel, 2003). It is reported that employees become more creative as well as empowered when employees maintain equality among work and lives. Enhancements in bodily as well as psychological fitness are linked with the flexibility of workplace. Flexible working engagements and measures can decline anxiety and worry as workers operating flexibly are greatly gratified with their employments. Workers are additionally contented with their lives. They face excellence balance among work and family. Additionally, workers who possess a greater balance among life and work experience more flexibility as compared to workers who possess limited balance among life and work. They do not search new jobs and become loyal and gratified with their existing jobs. Due to flexible working hours, the workers will relish excellent fitness, improved cerebral fitness as well as limited phase of anxiety and worry (Bird, 2006). A survey re sult of almost 20000 workers shows that level of stress and anxiety is low among workers who are committed in all kinds of working flexibility measures. A procedure through which approaches and performance leftover from one job to other is known as spillover. There may be positive or negative spillover among family life and work. The negative spillover will impact negatively the family life. On the other hand, the positive spillover will produce positive results and development for family. The study indicated that there is great interference among work and family life when workers have greater level of stress and job involvement. Attributes of the employment as well as the office may possess an optimistic or pessimistic influence on life of family, whereas factors of situation of family may influence the performance and behavior of worker regarding job (De Cieri and Kramar 2003). The obtainability of diverse arrangements of flexible working may assist workers enhance balance among l ife and work. This provides advantages to companies and workers. Arrangements of flexible working offered workers with the opportunity to decline the conflict of work and life. This enhances the fortification of work family as well as boost performance and working in home and office. The work life flexibility contains various challenges for employees as well. A study indicated that flexible working arrangements are beneficial for just females. These are not advantageous for males. The workers become more relaxed and they do not pay complete attention on achievement of corporate objectives. Due to availability of working hours, the employees try to spend more and more time on family jobs as compared to office. The level of laziness and relaxation enhances. When relatives of employees do jobs in same company, the level of pressure and stress from relatives and families enhance. Environment of flexible working is not about approving mobocracy and resolution. Actually, it makes more aggressive and competitive atmosphere. Reliance, conviction and enthusiasm become essential for the employees. They are required to comply with diverse rules and regulations to make ethical and moral environment (Guest, 2002). On the basis of above mentioned analysis, it is analyzed that work-life flexibility will not just replace work-life balance but it contains several challenges and opportunities for employees. They become more productive and creative in home and offices. On the other hand, they are required to attain new capabilities and skills to manage all these working situations. They will have to compete in competitive and aggressive environment to produce required outcomes and results. The HRM Implications The flexibility in workplace is considered significantly essential for success and development of the company. It is assumed to make capable workers to modify their arrangements of working. Management of Human Resources is imperative and plays vital role in success and development of the company (O'Neill and Kramar 1998). Changing future situation makes implications for HRM. When the work-life flexibility will replace the work life balance, it produces several opportunities and challenges for HR. Human resource management is required to change all policies and strategies according to changing market situations. New strategies of hiring and retaining will be implemented. This contains several issues and prospects for HR. Future changes in workplace will bring several challenges for Human Resource Management. When the work-life flexibility will replace work life balance, the management of human resources requires to change existing policies. Joining scientific techniques to global strategy of management is challenge for HR. New innovative technology has not just simplified and smoothed quicker association with customers in diverse lands but has permitted international corporations to make foreign groups. In these cross boarder teams, the employees may negotiate excellently with one another. However, it is an issue for HR to train employees regarding innovative technology (Worrall and Cooper 2001). The HR managers are required to develop and implement new strategies which is costly and time taking process. Hiring and retaining appropriate workforce is a big responsibility of HRM. The Human Resource Management is required to develop and implement appropriate strategies to attract and retain qualified ta lent. However, lowering costs of labor is a significant issue for the human resource management. Retention of qualified personnel is another issue for HR when changes in workplace will happen. Training new and existing employees is also another issue for the HR. The management of human resource is required to manage and handle all these issues. Numerous companies are unenthusiastic to execute flex working arrangements because of worries and distresses regarding the implications of cost. Flexible working arrangements and techniques do not possess a definite implication of cost bit depends on an additional inventive method to daily operating situations (Fisher and Layte 2004). Various arrangements of flexible working such as elastic hours of working, job sharing, voluntary vacations and work from home measures does not cost companies additionally. However, various flexible working arrangements such as counselling of work life balance, cares leavers and childcare can cost companies. It is challenge for the HR to manage all these costs effectively. Future changes in workplace will bring several opportunities for Human Resource Management. Making strategies and structures of flexible arrangements require to demonstrate all corporate requirements and examinations of inclusiveness. The procedure utilized to make policies for flex working technique must involve stages to make sure that innovative policies are harmonious and well-matched with current objectives of company. Workers must be trained regarding strategies and sense contented utilizing them. This is considered opportunity for HR as the human resource management can enhance capabilities and competencies of workers according to objectives of the company. The flexible working arrangements will provide several opportunities to HR. This will decrease the level of belatedness and absence. It enhanced the morale, empowerment, assurance, and engagement of workforces (Eaton, 2003). The Human Resource Management of company can manage all these issues significantly and without any d ifficulty. Due to flexible working arrangements, the HR become capable to recruit and retain highly qualified and talented staff. Management of human resource can use effective strategies to retain expert talent. The turnover rate of valued workers decreases. They become more loyal and competent. They do hard work to achieve the core goals and objectives of the company. In this situation, the cost of hiring new workers spent by HR decrease. This cost can be used to train and educate existing workers. The flexible working arrangements permit workers to perform when achieve most, sense newest and relish working. They enjoy more time on achieving corporate objectives due to which the management of HT can manage all workers effectively. The employees pay more attention on customer services and extended time consumed on this department (Greenblatt, 2002). Overall, the flexible working arrangements will provide significant benefits to human resource management. The management can manage all employees and responsibilities effectively. The existing members will be provided excellent training. The cost of hiring new staff will decrease. This will enhance the efficiency of HR. Implications for managers and leader Various leaders and managers possess diverse associations with trade unions and employees. Some relationships are good, while some are bad. However, the leaders and representatives of unions can perform activities collectively without obstacles in some fields and areas. Leaders desire healthy, inspired and creative workers who perform duties excellently (Allen, 2001). The representative of union desire that all members must be treated equally and impartially. They require that workers must be provided complete opportunities to take part in daily activities without damaging the work life balance. In this situation, arrangements of flexible working hours are considered best for a company to provide balance of work-life to its workforce. The flexible working arrangements offer diverse challenges and opportunities to managers and leaders of the company (Jacobs and Gerson 2004). The flexible working arrangements provide significant benefits and opportunities to managers and leaders. The core aspect behind a managers engagement to invest in flexible working techniques is optimistic return on investment. Due to globalization, it is identified that there is positive association among work and family life. The balance among work and personal life is essential to enhance productivity and proficiency. Australian companies are facing issues of capabilities scarcities because of older generation and decreasing growth of population. It is expected that unfilled vacancies cannot be filled quickly. In this situation, the managers can maintain and handle existing staff excellently with flexible working arrangements. The workforce will boost due to provision of flexible operating situations. It is responsibility of managers to decline the rate of turnover rate. Retention of existing worker is significantly essential for management of the company. The experience of worker s can be boosted with arrangements of flexible working (Eaton, 2003). This can add optimistically in retention of workers. Higher management makes several strategies and policies to enhance the corporate image. Corporations who possess actual attention in boosting and assisting the strategies of balance of work life frequently deemed excellent business residents. The management of the company arranges diverse flexible working situations to attain excellent public image. Diverse companies use different flexible working arrangements. In W.L Gore Associates Inc. corporate culture as well as flexible working hours are provided to employees. Job sharing is used in Motorola to facilitate management and workforce. In IKEA, health promotion is used as flexible arrangement. In the Scottish Court Service, the employees are provided emergency leaves and program of worker assistance (Meyer, Mukerjee and Sestero 2001). The flexible working arrangements provide significant issues and challenges to managers and leaders. A job sharing associate or temporary worker may not be as engaged, the consideration goes. On the other hand, the permanent employee is completely dependent on the cultural values of the company. This can be an issue for manager to handle diverse workforce (Dex and Smith 2002). It is said in the Queensland Branch of the Australian Institute of Management that leaders required to be qualified to handle flexibility. Insignificant administration is expected to be unprotected when flexible working arrangements are presented. It is core responsibility of the management to handle the issues of workers. With the enhancements of flex work arrangements, the manager is required to change management style. Negotiation, loyalty, trustworthiness and goal setting are essential for handling isolated employees (Jacobs and Gerson 2004). Managers might require greater stages of company, excellent admin istration methods of performance and better competencies in conversation and statement, the capability to manage intricacy and a logical capability to look enduring advantages even when shorter period charged are impending great. Additionally, leaders can be under difficulties when executing arrangements of flexible working as they require innovative and creative skills. On the basis of above mentioned analysis, it is analyzed that work-life flexibility will not just replace work-life balance but it contains several challenges and opportunities for managers. They will handle all activities excellent, yet require new skills and capabilities to manage all operations (Zedeckand Moiser 1990). Conclusion The world is becoming more global and international. The techniques and methods of doing operations are changing significantly. It is analyzed that future anticipated changes will bring several challenges and opportunities for HRM and employees. In this essay, we have discussed that how work-life flexibility will replace work-life balance. On the basis of above comprehensive analysis, it is analyzed that work-life flexibility will not just replace work-life balance but it contains several challenges and opportunities for employees, HRM and managers. It is recommended that all corporation should implement flexible working arrangements to facilitate employees, management and HR. The support of management for flex working arrangements is essential for a company to progress. Daily basis feedbacks may assist to comprehend employees requirements and develop right strategies. The management must assist workers to arrange their activities. The management and leader must be provided appropriate training and assistance to comprehend when their personnel is overworked. The corporation should arrange various seminars and trainings for employees to educate them regarding importance of work-life flexibility. References Bardoel, E. (2003). Organizational predictors of work-family practices.Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources,36, 31-49. Bird, J. (2006). Work-Life Balance: Doing It Right and Avoiding the Pitfalls.Employment Relations Today,33(3), 1 - 9. De Cieri, H., and Kramar, R. (2003).Human Resource management in Australia: strategy, people, performance.Sydney: McGraw-Hill Australia Pty. Ltd. Guest, D. (2002). Perspectives on the Study of Work-life Balance.Social Science Information, 41, 255 - 279. O'Neill. G.L. and Kramar, R. (1998).Australian human resource management: current trends in management practice. Woodslane Pty. Ltd., Sydney. Worrall, L. and Cooper, C.L. (2001). The Quality of Working Life 2000 Survey of Managers Changing Experiences. London: Institute of Management. Fisher, K. and Layte, R. (2004). Measuring work-life balance using time diary data. International Journal of Time Use Research, 1(1), 1-13. Green, F. (2001). Its been a hard days night: the concentration and intensification of work in late twentieth-century Britain. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 39, 53-80. Allen, T. D. (2001). Family-supportive work environments: The role of organizational perceptions.Journal of Vocational Behavior,58(3), 414-435. Chimote, N. K.,and Srivastava, N. (2013). Work-Life Balance Benefits: From the Perspective of Organizations and employees.The IUP Journal of Management Research, 12(1), 62-73. Greenblatt, E. (2002). Work/Life Balance: Wisdom or Whining?Organizational Dynamics, 31(2), pp. 177-193. Allen, T. D. (2001). Family supportive work environments: the role of organizational perceptions. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 58, 414435. Eaton, S. C. (2003). If you can use them: flexibility policies, organizational commitment, and perceived performance. Industrial Relations, 42(2), 145-167 Meyer, C. S., Mukerjee, S., and Sestero, A. (2001). Work-family benefits: which ones maximize profits? Journal of Managerial Issues, 13 (1), 28-44. Jacobs, J. and Gerson, K. (2004). The Time Divide: Work, Family, and Gender Inequality. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Dex, S. and Smith, C. (2002). The Nature and Pattern of Family-friendly Employment Policies in Britain. Bristol: Policy Press. Zedeck, S.,and Moiser, K. L. (1990). Work in the family and employing organization.American Psycholigist, 45(2), 240-251. Wood, S. (1999). Family-friendly management: testing the various perspectives. National Institute Economic Review, 168, 99-116. Aminah, A. (2007). Family-friendly employment policy in the Malaysian Government and selected private organizations. The Journal of Global Business Management, 3, 128-135 Madsen, S. (2006). Work and family conflict: can home based teleworking make a difference? International Journal of Organization Theo

Vietnam War Essays (1121 words) - Vietnam War,

Vietnam War Vietnam today is a country on the eastern edge of the large Asian landmass known as Indochina. Before the Vietnam War many Americans did not know where it was located. When American troops finally came home, they sometimes found themselves still embattled. One of the most painful events in all of Americans history was the Vietnam War. The Vietnam War was an unsuccessful effort by the United States and the South Vietnam to prevent the communists of North Vietnam from uniting with the South Vietnam with North Vietnam under their leadership. In 1945 it started out the Vietnam vs. France. Ho chi Minh declared Independence from France. Ho chi Minh was the leader of the Vietnam Independence League. The French would only recognize them as a free state of the French Union. This led to fighting between the Vietnamese and the French. An International conference at Geneva in 1954 negotiated a cease-fire between the French and the Viet Minh. The conferees decided to separate them by sending the Viet Minh north of the 17th parallel and the Vietnamese fighting under French command would move south of the 17th parallel. Many people left their homes to either move south or north. In 1956 there was to be a supervised by an International Control Committee with the aim of reunifying Vietnam under a single popularly elected governmen t. When 1956 came along South Vietnam's Prime Minister Ngo Dinh Diem refused to go along with the planned election. The U.S. supported his position. In response, North Vietnamese decided they would reunite Vietnam by military force. ( Britannica vol. 12 pg. 361) U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, fearing the spread of communism in Asia, persuaded the U.S. government to provide military and economic assistance to Diem's government. Guerrilla warfare spread as Viet Minh soldiers who were trained and armed in the North-the Viet Cong- returned to their homes in the South to assassinate, ambush, and sabotage. Diem asked for and received more American military advisers and material to build up the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) and the police force, but it could not halt the growing presence of the South Vietnamese communist forces or Viet Cong. U.S. President John F. Kennedy sent more non-combat military personnel after the North Vietnamese unified the South Vietnamese communist rebels insurgents in an organization the National Front for the Liberation of Vietnam (NLF) in December 1960. By the end of 1962 the number of U.S. military advisers in the South Vietnam had increased from 900 to 11,000, and President Kennedy ordered them to fight if they were fired upon. On November 2, 1963, a military rebellion assassinated Diem. The U.S. government had despaired of him and knew about the rebellion beforehand. A series of unstable administrations followed in quick succession after Diem's death, and the Viet Cong increased their activities while the South Vietnamese were thus politically preoccupied. (Britannica vol. 12 pg. 362) Ever since Diem returned to Vietnam in 1954 his position had been regularly challenged. His own military leaders challenged him. As early as the fall of 1954, ARVN commanders were lying out plans for an overthrow of the government by force. Thereafter, Diem took great care to appoint ARVN commanders who were completely loyal to him. Still, other plots followed. In November 1960, another try by the military failed. In February 1962, two pilots in the South Vietnamese air force bombed the presidential palace. Diem and his family miraculously emerged safe and sound-and still in power. (Mabie pg.52) After 1965 U.S. involvement in the war escalated rapidly in response both to the growing strength of the Viet Cong ( who had 35,000 troops in the South Vietnam by 1964) and to the inability of the ARVN to suppress the Viet Cong on its own, even with a total force of 400,000 men. The U.S. became more involved in the war not only to maintain the independence of South Vietnam but also to retain the United States' credibility with other allied nations who depended or might depend on its help to resist communist aggression or subversion. (Lawson pgs.38-40) The government was now headed by Air Vice-Marshal Nguyen Cao Ky , but he was unable to check the

Acid Rain Essays (1227 words) - Inorganic Solvents, Mineral Acids

Acid Rain Essays (1227 words) - Inorganic Solvents, Mineral Acids Acid Rain Acid rain is a serious problem with disastrous effects. Each day this serious problem increases, many people believe that this issue is too small to deal with right now this issue should be met head on and solved before it is too late. In the following paragraphs I will be discussing the impact has on the wildlife and how our atmosphere is being destroyed by acid rain. CAUSES Acid rain is a cancer eating into the face of Eastern Canada and the North Eastern United States. In Canada, the main sulphuric acid sources are non(c)ferrous smelters and power generation. On both sides of the border, cars and trucks are the main sources for nitric acid(about 40% of the total), while power generating plants and industrial commercial and residential fuel combustion together contribute most of the rest. In the air, the sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides can be transformed into sulphuric acid and nitric acid, and air current can send them thousands of kilometres from the source.When the acids fall to the earth in any form it will have large impact on the growth or the preservation of certain wildlife. NO DEFENCE Areas in Ontario mainly southern regions that are near the Great Lakes, such substances as limestone or other known antacids can neutralize acids entering the body of water thereby protecting it. However, large areas of Ontario that are near the Pre(c)Cambrian Shield, with quartzite or granite based geology and little top soil, there is not enough buffering capacity to neutralize even small amounts of acid falling on the soil and the lakes. Therefore over time, the basic environment shifts from an alkaline to a acidic one. This is why many lakes in the Muskoka, Haliburton, Algonquin, Parry Sound and Manitoulin districts could lose their fisheries if sulphur emissions are not reduced substantially. ACID The average mean of pH rainfall in Ontario's Muskoka(c)Haliburton lake country ranges between 3.95 and 4.38 about 40 times more acidic than normal rainfall, while storms in Pennsilvania have rainfall pH at 2.8 it almost has the same rating for vinegar. Already 140 Ontario lakes are completely dead or dying. An additional 48 000 are sensitive and vulnerable to acid rain due to the surrounding concentrated acidic soils.? ACID RAIN CONSISTS OF....? Canada does not have as many people, power plants or automobiles as the United States, and yet acid rain there has become so severe that Canadian government officials called it the most pressing environmental issue facing the nation. But it is important to bear in mind that acid rain is only one segment, of the widespread pollution of the atmosphere facing the world. Each year the global atmosphere is on the receiving end of 20 billion tons of carbon dioxide, 130 million tons of suffer dioxide, 97 million tons of hydrocarbons, 53 million tons of nitrogen oxides, more than three million tons of arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, nickel, zinc and other toxic metals, and a host of synthetic organic compounds ranging from polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs) to toxaphene and other pesticides, a number of which may be capable of causing cancer, birth defects, or genetic imbalances. COST OF ACID RAIN Interactions of pollutants can cause problems. In addition to contributing to acid rain, nitrogen oxides can react with hydrocarbons to produce ozone, a major air pollutant responsible in the United States for annual losses of $2 billion to 4.5 billion worth of wheat, corn, soyabeans, and peanuts. A wide range of interactions can occur many unknown with toxic metals. In Canada, Ontario alone has lost the fish in an estimated 4000 lakes and provincial authorities calculate that Ontario stands to lose the fish in 48 500 more lakes within the next twenty years if acid rain continues at the present rate.Ontario is not alone, on Nova Scotia's Eastern most shores, almost every river flowing to the Atlantic Ocean is poisoned with acid. Further threatening a $2 million a year fishing industry. ? Acid rain is killing more than lakes. It can scar the leaves of hardwood forest, wither ferns and lichens, accelerate the death of coniferous needles, sterilize seeds, and weaken the forests to a state that is vulnerable to disease infestation and decay. In the soil the acid neutralizes chemicals vital for growth, strips others from the soil and carries them to the lakes and literally retards the respiration of the soil. The rate of forest growth in the White Mountains of New Hampshire has declined 18% between 1956 and 1965, time of increasingly intense acidic rainfall. Acid rain no longer falls exclusively on the lakes, forest, and thin soils of the Northeast it now covers half

Free Essays on The Symbolism In “To His Coy Mistress“

The Symbolism in â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† We all have the choice either to take advantage of time or allow time to take advantage of us. This choice has been a struggle for everyone in some point in their lifetime. It has also been a topic in many literary pieces, for example this idea is presented in â€Å"To His Coy Mistress†, a poem by Andrew Marvell. In this poem, the opportunity of living life to the fullest or choosing to waste your time is supplied through symbolism. According to Webster’s Dictionary and Thesaurus symbolism is, â€Å"conveying impressions by suggestion rather than by direct statements†(â€Å"symbolism†). Using symbolism to express ideas makes it possible to visualize things that are not usually perceived, and in this case it makes time seem almost visible. Time is symbolized through a lover attempting to seduce a mistress, â€Å"a lady to whom courtesy and courtly convention and erotic longing attribute a superordinate status, a power to command†(Atlantic), into having a sexual relationship with him. The idea that time is running out is expressed throughout the poem, as the lover uses this excuse for wanting that sort of relationship so urgently. The very first line, â€Å"Had we but world enough, and time†(1) brings out the focus of time directly. It is then reinforced through hyperbole in the following phrases such as â€Å"A hundred years should go to praise / Thine eyes, and on thy forehead gaze; / Two hundred to adore each breast, / But thirty thousand to the rest; / An age at least to every part†(13-17). These lines symbolize the lack of time the lover has to show his mistress the love she is worthy of, â€Å"For, Lady, you deserve this state†(19). He tries to make her feel exceptional, so that he can seduce her into making love with him. Marvell then continues on to symbolize the lack of time using other literary devices. Running out of time is shown in several descriptive ways. For example, the pe... Free Essays on The Symbolism In â€Å"To His Coy Mistressâ€Å" Free Essays on The Symbolism In â€Å"To His Coy Mistressâ€Å" The Symbolism in â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† We all have the choice either to take advantage of time or allow time to take advantage of us. This choice has been a struggle for everyone in some point in their lifetime. It has also been a topic in many literary pieces, for example this idea is presented in â€Å"To His Coy Mistress†, a poem by Andrew Marvell. In this poem, the opportunity of living life to the fullest or choosing to waste your time is supplied through symbolism. According to Webster’s Dictionary and Thesaurus symbolism is, â€Å"conveying impressions by suggestion rather than by direct statements†(â€Å"symbolism†). Using symbolism to express ideas makes it possible to visualize things that are not usually perceived, and in this case it makes time seem almost visible. Time is symbolized through a lover attempting to seduce a mistress, â€Å"a lady to whom courtesy and courtly convention and erotic longing attribute a superordinate status, a power to command†(Atlantic), into having a sexual relationship with him. The idea that time is running out is expressed throughout the poem, as the lover uses this excuse for wanting that sort of relationship so urgently. The very first line, â€Å"Had we but world enough, and time†(1) brings out the focus of time directly. It is then reinforced through hyperbole in the following phrases such as â€Å"A hundred years should go to praise / Thine eyes, and on thy forehead gaze; / Two hundred to adore each breast, / But thirty thousand to the rest; / An age at least to every part†(13-17). These lines symbolize the lack of time the lover has to show his mistress the love she is worthy of, â€Å"For, Lady, you deserve this state†(19). He tries to make her feel exceptional, so that he can seduce her into making love with him. Marvell then continues on to symbolize the lack of time using other literary devices. Running out of time is shown in several descriptive ways. For example, the pe...

Argentinas Dirty War essays

Argentinas Dirty War essays Between 1976 and 1983, under military rule, thousands of people in Argentina were arrested and then vanished without a trace. This campaign became known to Argentina and abroad as the "Dirty War". Seized by force against their will, the victims no longer existed as citizens. Nobody knew who exactly were responsible for their abductions or even why they had been abducted. Under a policy called the "Process of National Reorganization", successive juntas waged war against armed guerrillas and unarmed civilians. The guerillas were defeated, but the torture, disappearance and murder of innocent civilians continued for several more years thereafter. The authorities had no record of these desaparecidos. Unimaginable time went by and innocent parents and children made endless attempts to try to locate their loved ones. Fear spread throughout Argentine society, and many were afraid that they would become the next innocent victims. From the beginning of the seventies through the present, military regimes have declared wars on the peoples of Latin America, backed by the doctrine of national security. This doctrine was adopted in order to fight the "communist threat" and allowed for the extermination of complete generations in order to prevent "foreign ideologies" from taking over the countries. The estimated number of people killed in The Dirty War was about 15,000. Thirty thousand more were imprisoned under inhumane conditions, including extreme torture, and half a million citizens were exiled. The subversion and terrorism produced by the military resulted in these arrests, abductions, tortures and disappearances of people who had never participated in violent or armed attacks. The military targeted academics and over three thousand university professors were dismissed from their posts and many of them were arrested on charges of subversion during the first six months of military rule. Amnesty Internati onal reported on the disap...

AP Statistics Scores - Learn What You Need for College

AP Statistics Scores - Learn What You Need for College Statistics is a popular Advanced Placement course with over 200,000 students taking the exam annually. Students who have other options and interests, however, should be aware that AP Statistics is accepted for course credit and placement by fewer colleges than many other AP subjects.   About the AP Statistics Course and Exam The Advanced Placement Statistics course is a non-calculus-based course that is the equivalent of many one-semester, introductory college statistics classes. The exam covers  exploring data, sampling and experimentation, anticipating patterns, and statistical inference. Each of these topics encompasses several subtopics: Exploring Data. Students learn to analyze different types of graphs and data displays. Key topics include spread, outliers, median, mean, standard deviation, quartiles, percentages, and more. Students also learn to compare different data sets to find patterns and draw conclusions. This section encompasses 20 to 30 percent of the exam questions.Sampling and Experimentation. Students learn about proper and effective methods of data collection and data analysis. Students learn about the characteristics of well-conducted surveys, and they learn about the issues attached to different types of populations and selection methods. Important topics include random sampling, control groups, placebo effect, and replication. This section accounts for 10 to 15 percent of the exam.Anticipating Patterns. This section focuses on probabilities and simulation, and students learn what data should look like for a given model. Topics covered include the addition rule, multiplication rule, conditional proba bility, normal distribution, random variables, t-distribution, and chi-square distribution. 20 to 30 percent of the AP exam covers these topics. Statistical Inference. In this section, students learn how to select appropriate models for a given task. Students study how to estimate population parameters and test hypotheses. Important topics include margins of error, confidence levels, p-values, types of errors, and more. This is the largest area of course content and accounts for 30 to 40 percent of the exam. AP Statistics Score Information In 2018,  222,501 students took the exam. The mean score was a 2.88, and roughly 60.7 percent  of students (135,008 of them) scored a 3 or higher. According to AP score guidelines, a 3 is necessary to demonstrate a level of competency adequate for earning college credit. The distribution of scores for the AP Statistics exam is as follows: AP Statistics Score Percentiles (2018 Data) Score Number of Students Percentage of Students 5 32,417 14.6 4 47,108 21.2 3 55,483 24.9 2 35,407 15.9 1 52,086 23.4 If your exam score is on the lower end of the scale, keep in mind that colleges often do not require you to report AP exam scores. They are typically self-reported and can be omitted if you choose. AP Statistics Course Placement Information: As the table below reveals, AP Statistics is not accepted by many colleges. There are a few reasons for this: the course is non-calculus-based, but many college statistics courses require calculus; many colleges teach statistics in field-specific ways in courses such as Business Statistics and Psychological Statistics and Methods; finally, statistics is a topic that relies heavily upon computers and spreadsheet programs, but the AP exam is not set up to allow students to use computers.   The table below presents some representative data from a variety of colleges and universities. This information is meant to provide a general overview of the scoring and placement practices related to the AP Statistics exam. For a specific college or university, youll need to search the schools website or contact the appropriate Registrars office to get AP placement information. Even for the schools I list below, check with the institution to get the most recent placement guidelines.   AP Statistics Scores and Placement College Score Needed Placement Credit Georgia Tech - no credit or placement Grinnell College 4 or 5 4 semester credits; MAT/SST 115 MIT - no credit or placement Notre Dame 5 Mathematics 10140 (3 credits) Reed College 4 or 5 1 credit Stanford University - no credit or placement for AP Statistics Truman State University 3, 4 or 5 STAT 190 Basic Statistics (3 credits) UCLA (School of Letters and Science) 3, 4 or 5 4 credits; quantitative reasoning requirement fulfilled Yale University - no credits or placement A Final Word About AP Statistics You can learn more about the AP Statistics course and exam on the  official College Board website. Keep in mind that AP Statistics has value even if you dont receive college credit for the course. At some point in your college career, you are likely going to need to conduct a survey, work with spreadsheets, and/or process data. Have some knowledge of statistics will be invaluable at these times. Also, when you apply to colleges, the most important part of your application will be your academic record. Colleges want to see that you have done well in challenging courses. Success in Advanced Placement courses such as AP Statistics is one significant way you can demonstrate your college readiness.

Assignment on Current Information Technology Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

On Current Information Technology - Assignment Example This essay seeks to examine the use of research and development program in enhancing the operations of the firm in line with the firm’s strategy (Jacques & Fabrizio, 2014). As a point of departure, management of technology consists of management of research, products and development of processes. In essence, research development aims at expanding the company’s grasp of science and engineering skills and its relevant applications. Effective technological management needs integration of the process development and manufacturing engineering (Jacques & Fabrizio, 2014). This aspect of integration is common in the Japanese industries and it is immensely attributed to high-level manufacturability, with cost and quality effectiveness. Managing an R&D program in an efficient manner, a company must have a coherent product and market strategy. It is realizable that, the level of strategic attentiveness in one or more product- market. For instance, the strategic focus of the R&D program in managing the technological processes of the firm is to increased improvements in value, performance, quality and cost (Jacques & Fabrizio, 2014). This brings the difference between manual or physical firms’ strategy sustenance and the technologically sustained. The technologically based strategy management contributes immensely to the achieving of the firm’s objectives and helping in sustaining the market share and profit margins and this leads to high cash flows thus creating a competitive edge in the market niche. On the same note, the R&D program plays a fundamental role in replacing an existing product with a new one in the market. The role entails immense depths of improving functionality and lowering cost. In comparison with the manual replacement and managing of a replacement process, the technologically based management system oversees a smooth transition and ensures that, the rest of processes in the firm are not disrupted (Mario, Margherita &Massimo, 2013).

Group report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Group report - Essay Example I agree with their opinion and also agree with their argument that personal learning reflection is especially helpful for students who want to be future entrepreneur. I cannot deny the fact that, entrepreneurship was probably one of the most challenging and exciting study topic for management student hence there is no surprise why I want to taste my luck in entrepreneurship if I will get opportunity to do so in future course of time. However, in this essay, I will not confine the discussion in the boundary of entrepreneurship rather I will try to shed light on large set of learning and skill aspects. Politis (2005) and Harrison and Leitch (2005) pointed out that learning should be self-directed in order to help a person to grow in sustainable manner. I am not ashamed to admit that I had very little knowledge about fundamentals of business process prior joining the masters program in university but the master’s program in management has really improved my personal understanding about various core elements of management. I must admit that module 1 and module 2 of course were comprehensive enough to give me and my colleagues to improve our personal learning and self awareness about personal skill orientation. These modules were absolute necessity for students who want to know about how to organize an event, how to work in group, how to prepare group report and how to guide a team during contingent situation. There is no doubt in the fact that all the modules in the course proved to be learning opportunity for me and significantly helped me to grow as professional. Throughout this essay, these learning experiences will be critically reflected in order to substantiate my claims that I have learnt a lot from my management degree program. I will take help of the learning cycle theories in order to present my personal learning experiences and the learning cycle model

The musical style of Heart is a lonely hunter Essay

The musical style of Heart is a lonely hunter - Essay Example In this regard McCullers herself characterizes the novel as a fugue in the musical features of the novel recurs in three parts of the novel. McCullers novel is musical in its characteristics in two senses: first the novel possesses a tuneful and harmonious structure; second it deals with the polyphonic characteristics of words, phrases and the greater unit of the structure of the novel (Fuller 57). The phonic tones and of tunes of words not only exists in the concrete form but also in the abstract sense. Evidently the phonic features both in abstract and concrete senses have been fused with its tuneful and harmonious structure, as it is noted in the Big Readers’ Guide†, â€Å"The novel’s rhythmic language is sometimes harmonious — as in the sweet, sad duets between Mick and Singer — and at other times cacophonous, as in Jake and Dr. Copeland’s final argument† (Big Read, 2). The entire structure of the novel appears to be a three part fu gue that closely follows the polyphonic actions with a number of symbolic voices including a central voice. The fugal characters of â€Å"the Heart is a Lonely Hunter† function in a contrastive, but rhythmic, way to demonstrate the dominant relationship between John Singer’s mute heart with the outside world and then necessarily the other characters come with the contrapuntal theme to contribute to the development of the major theme of the novel. Following the structure of a fugue, the novel deals with an extensive theme of man’s struggle against the loneliness of his inner being.

Comparison of Sculptures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Comparison of Sculptures - Essay Example The first work of art was created in 1430s using bronze metal. The graceful form and decorative details of the statue distinguished it from many other statures created by other artists of that time. If we analyze the style of this statue, we can see a manly and victorious look all from head to toe. The statue is almost completely nude as there is only a hat on its head and armor shoes on the legs. The appearance of the statue reveals existence of a male dominated society in which men used to praise their bodies by resembling them with protective shells.The second work of art was created in 1623 using marble. The sculptor has created the state in a position that shows the climax of some action. â€Å"Expanding upon Michelangelo's fascination with the human body, Bernini added torsion to create a dynamic figure that extends into the viewer's space†. Made by marble, this artwork reveals a true understanding of the way features can be used to express actions. The color of the uppe r body of the statue is whitish grey. This statue is also semi nude but the amount of cloth shown on the statue distinguishes it from the other statue we discussed earlier.The main differences between the two artworks include standing position of the sculptures, amount of cloth, and use of metal. Dontello’s sculpture is in standing position looking downwards, whereas Bernini’s Statue is look straight and is in climax of action.There ios no cloth on the body of Dontello’s statue, whereas the sculpture made by Bernini is seminude.

Ozone hole Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Ozone hole - Essay Example This layer does absorb 97 percent to 99 percent of the high-frequency ultraviolet light of the sun which can be possibly destructive to the life on earth. More that 90 percent of the ozone within the earth’s atmosphere is existing here â€Å"comparatively high† meaning several parts/million- considerably higher than concentrations within the lower atmosphere, however, still lesser compared to the key atmospheric components. Its location is approximately 15 to 35 km above the surface of the earth in the hemispheres lower portion (Charles, 2014). This thickness varies geographically as well as seasonally. As mentioned earlier, prevents disastrous destruction of the life on earth through absorption of the harmful incoming sun’s ultraviolet (UV) potion hence minimizing this light’s amount that reaches the surface of the earth (Paul, 2009). Such natural sunlight buffering is quite advantageous since the ultraviolet light of high energy is capable of penetrating uppermost skin layers.as a result, cells might end up damaged which is explained through sunburn as well as more threateningly, genetic material which resides within every cell (DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid) destruction. Damage of some DNA within skin cells by such ultraviolet light is associated with certain cancers development. Observation of the ozone hall has for a long time been done with great seriousness. Images of satellite offer observers the ozone’s every day images over Antarctic region (Enviromental Protection Agency, 2010). The winter population of humans of the Antarctic comprise of researchers in several hundreds. These researchers get protection from the UV light which has increased from warm winter clothing, hence the ozone layer health effect concerns are minimal. The ozone hole’s existence as well as its increased size through 1990s up till 2006, the time when this hole was ever largest recorded, has come to be a great concern for researchers who study human activity

The Road Not Taken By Robert Frost Essay Example for Free

The Road Not Taken By Robert Frost Essay The poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken† by Robert Frost strikes me as having a dual meaning.   One perspective of the poem seems to be a statement of advice for people to take the â€Å"one less traveled by†.   Another perspective is that the â€Å"Road Not Taken† may be the road that he took and he was sorry he has chosen that path for some reason or another.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To start with the discussion, I will first discuss the first perspective that of the inference to â€Å"The Road Not Taken† as an advice for people to take.    The author took the first person stance using the words â€Å"I† throughout the poem.   This could be interpreted that he, himself has done what he is advising for others to do to take the â€Å"one less traveled by† (fourth line, fifth stanza). Usually this phrase is used for people who have taken the road that is righteous and the one that is harder to travel or go by but which is the right thing to do.   It is also thought of as the hard but nevertheless, the way to be successful in life.   The author made use of a lot of imagery and metaphors like â€Å"yellow wood† referring to the seemingly yellow path as affected by the daffodils that bloom at the pathways that he often takes with his friend in Massachusetts, at the time he wrote the poetry.   He also describes the road less traveled by as â€Å"grassy and wanted wear† perhaps this is so for lack of travelers trudging in its grass.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Meanwhile, the other perspective or interpretation that could be entertained with regards to this poem is the author’s tone towards the end of the last stanza â€Å"I took the one less traveled by/ And that has made all the difference† seems to denote that he was sorry for the choice he made.   The tone is that of sadness and he uses the line â€Å"I shall be telling this with a sigh†. The next line also situates the point of reflection wherein the author says â€Å"Somewhere ages and ages hence; Two roads diverged in a wood, and I took the one less traveled by,†Ã‚     The metaphor of the words ages and ages hence places the time or hour of recollection at a much recent time after he made his choice, or since the time he made his choice, and decided his course of action.   It implies that this choice was made a long time ago and the last stanza gives a clue as to the outcome of that choice.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Aside from the two possible scenarios that this poem can be interpreted into, there are also some conflicts of imagery.   These conflicts are stated in the use of the lines â€Å"Because it was grassy and wanted wear;† indicates one path or road obviously still has a lot of grass untouched by trudging feet or passers by.   However, the last two lines goes, â€Å"Though as far that the passing there/ had worn them really about the same†, describing both paths and roads as equally traveled or trudged upon by travelers.   This seeming conflict in imagery, though I would interpret as the author’s state of mind, when he was presented with a dilemma or a proposition of which road to take. He seemed to be weighing his options and was in the process of balancing his final decision as to which road to take and sees that there is not much difference in the outward appearance of both paths. In conclusion, the poem in general takes a positive, albeit sad remembrance of the choices in life that the author has made.   But what he seems to be sad about is that he must have wanted to take as many paths as he could, but only he could not as the time of choice is well past already.   Still, the author encourages people and readers to take the road less traveled, for although it presents more challenge and probably even hardship, it is usually the right path to take.

Study On The Portuguese Conquest History Essay

Study On The Portuguese Conquest History Essay The Malacca, because the strategic position on the strait bearing the same name, it become more and more important for trading and shunting of spices like pepper, cloves, ginger, cinnamon, and nutmeg. The Malacca also become a remarkable trading center or port for all the merchants from all the Asian nations of the time, for example, Persia, Arabia, China, India, Bengal, Indonesia, Ceylon, and Japan. After Portuguese conquering Goa in India, the Portuguese start awareness about the importance of Malacca. They started to gather all the information about the Malacca from every seaman who came to Goa. In order to access the strength of Malacca, an expeditionary force was sent there in five ships commanded by Diego Lopez de Sequeira and they arrived in Melaka on 11th August 1509. After that de Sequeira sent one of the captains ashore and negotiated with the Sultan of Malacca. But this action has been failed because of Indian and Arab Muslim persuaded the Sultan and the Bendahara of Malacca does not trust the Portuguese. At the end many of the Portuguese were capture and imprisoned by the Sultan Malacca. In 1511, Afonso de Albuquerque, the Governor and Captain-General of the East were decided to organize an expedition to conquer Malacca. Afonso de Albuquerque collected a fleet of 18 ships and 1,400 men and arrived the Malacca harbor on 1st July 1511. The Afonso de Albuquerque demanded the return of prisoner but the Sultan of Malacca, Sultan Mahmud Syah made an excuse to delay the time so that they can strengthen the fortifications and stockades on both sides of the bridge and the river but Afonso de Albuquerque didnt waste their time. When 25 July 1511, they attacked the town by concentrating attack the assault on the bridge on the river dividing the town. After released the Portuguese prisoner, Afonso de Albuquerque was not satisfied, when 25 July 1511, he ordered attack again on the city. The city was divided into two parts, which is the main town on side of the river, and the suburbs where the traders lived on the other. But this time of attack was failed; they forced to retreat w hen at nightfall. After a few days preparation, Portuguese attacked Malacca again and this time finally Malacca fell to the Portuguese on August 1511. On 24 August 1511, Portuguese discover Sultan Mahmud Syah and his family escape and retreat to Ulu Bertam, Pahang. Portuguese sacked the town, but following Albuquerques orders, they respected the property of those who sided with them. After conquest Malacca, to strengthens and defend the Portuguese base, Portuguese immediately built a fortress which is call A famosa on the south side of the Malacca river. Beside built the fortress, Portuguese also built Governors Palace, the Bishops Palace, the Government council chambers, several churches, barracks, two hospitals, monastery and a prison. Ruy de Brito Patalim was appointed by Albuquerque as the Governor and Nina Chattu as the Prime Minister. After established the Malacca, Albuquerque was encouraged the merchants to reopen their businesses and built up the friendship to Siam, Java, China, and to the Moluccas island. In order to make buying and selling easier, Albuquerque issued a new coinage at Melaka. Although most of the trading was done by barter, there was some trading by using the Malay tin coins. The new Portuguese coins were of tin or copper, silver and gold. Although Malacca had fallen to the Portuguese, the Sultan Mahmud Syah have a base at Johore. During from 1511 till 1526, Sultan Mahmud Syah and his son Sultan Ahmad had continuous sent their army to attack the Portuguese. At the end, in 1583, a peace treaty was signed. However, the Portuguese strong enemy is Acheh in North Sumatra, which was across the Straits of Melaka. It is because the Sultan of Acheh was the champion of Islam and have a big trading pepper in Sumatera. The Sultan of Acheh wanted to capture Melaka and attacked it several times, but at the end they were not successful. In 1602-1603, the Dutch blockaded Malacca by sea, but this was only a first timid attempt. In 1606, Johore and the Dutch concluded an alliance against the Portuguese and in 1607 they set again the town under siege. The Dutch made several fruitless attempts between 1623 and 1627, and in 1633. The defenders of Portuguese run out of their gun power and with a severe scarcity of food when the last siege of combining the Dutch-Johore fleet of 1.500 Dutchmen, 1.500 Malays, 12 Dutch ships, 6 sloops and 40 Johore vessels during in June 1640. Dutch commander Willmsoon Kartekoe ordered the last desperate assault on January 1641 but the Portuguese defender made a fierce resistance and finally Dutch driven back. But in situation desperation, honourable terms of surrender have been offered by Dutch commander to Portuguese and the Portuguese commander accepted the generous terms. After the Portuguese commander dying, he was buried by the Dutch with military honours in the church of Sà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢o Domingo. The city of Malacca was thus in Portuguese hands from 24 August 1511 till 14 January 1641. Reason Portuguese venture to the East The  Portuguese  were the first Europeans to dominate trade in SEA and the first to set up trading posts in military-occupied ports . They defeated Moslem naval forces in 1509 and seized  Malacca  in  1511  , until the Dutch captured it in  1641. Southeast Asia felt Portuguese impact the least. The Portuguese controlled only the small territory of East Timor During the 15th century, Portugal heralded its Age of Discovery and became inexhaustible in its quest to discover foreign lands and expand its tiny kingdom. Initiated by Infante Don Enrique, popularly known as Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460), who encouraged his people to increase their knowledge and expand their trading activities to the Far East, the Portuguese embarked on countless missions by land and sea. Their purpose, in addition to searching for Guinea gold and expanding their tiny kingdom to become one of the most powerful nations in the world, was to spread the Christian Gospel and reduce the influence of Islam in the East. Portuguese were bent on spreading the gospel to the East and replacing Islam with Christianity. The Portuguese also had another important reason to venture to the East is to search for Guinea gold where precious Asian spices which had become essential in their part of the world, in flavouring and preserving their food. Keeping consistent in their animosity against the Muslims and fuelled by their search for Asian spices, the Portuguese were intent on diverting the Asian spice trade away from the Muslims. The only way to do this was to stop obtaining the Asian spices from the Muslim Empire in Egypt and Syria, and instead, chart a new spice route around the Cape of Good Hope. The efforts of the Portuguese made them the first European nation that came to the South East Asia in search of Asian spies. Another reason for the Portuguese venturing to the East is to search for the mythical priest-king, Prester John, ruling over a powerful Christian kingdom in known as, the Indies. They believed that with his help, they could conquer the Muslims in the East. In addition, since Muslims had dominated the route via land, they decided to find a new route by sea to the East. The Administration of Portuguese in Malacca Captains-Major of Malacca (1512-1641) Captains-Major From Until Rui de Brito Patalim 1512 1514 Jorge de Albuquerque (1st time) 1514 1516 Jorge de Brito 1516 1517 Nuno Vaz Pereira 1517 1518 Afonso Lopes da Costa 1518 1519 Garcia de Sà ¡ (1st time) 1519 1521 Jorge de Albuquerque (2nd time) 1521 1525 Pero de Mascarenhas 1525 1526 Jorge Cabral 1526 1528 Pero de Faria 1528 1529 Fortaleza de Malaca Fortaleza de Malaca is a fortress system which is a quadrilateral tower. It was constructed at the foot of the fortress hill, next to the sea. To its east was constructed a circular wall of mortar and stone with a well in the middle of the enclosure. This construction is fully fortify the fortress hill. The four gateways were built for the cities are Porta de Santiago, The gateway of the Custom House Terrace, Porta de Sao Domingos, and Porta de Santo Antonio. All of these gateways only two were in common use which is Gate of Santo Antonio and the gateway of the Custom House Terrace. Gate of Santo Antonio is linking to the suburb of Yler and gateway of the Custom House Terrace giving access to Tranqueira and its bazaar. Porta de Santiago porta de santiago.jpgporta de santiago2.jpg The Porta de Santiago is one of the four main gates of the A Famosa fortress. It was built by the Portuguese in 1512 under the command of Alfonso de Albuquerque. This magnificent fort had successfully protected the Portuguese position in Melaka, until it was overrun by the Dutch. It was damaged during the attack, but the Dutch later repaired and renamed it VOC with an embossed emblem. But unfortunately what is left until today is nothing more than a gateway called Porta de Santiago. The town of Malacca during the Portuguese era Tranqueira The most important suburb of Malacca is at Tranqueira. The suburb was rectangular in shape, with a northern walled boundary, the straits of Malacca to the south and the river of Malacca and the  fortalezas  wall to the east. It was the main residential quarters of the city. However, in war, the residence of the quarters would be evacuated to the fortress. Tranqueira was divided into a further two parishes, which is Sà £o Tomà © and Sà £o Està ªvà £o. The parish of S.Tomà © was called  Campon Chelim  or we call it Kampung Keling. It was described that this area was populated by the Chelis of Choromandel. The other suburb of Sà £o Està ªvà £o was also called Campon China  or Kampung Cina. Erà ©dia described the houses as made of timber but roofed by tiles. A stone bridge with sentry crosses the river Malacca to provide access to the Malacca Fortress via the eastern Custome House Terrace. The center of trade of the city was also located in Tranqueira near the beach on the mouth of the river called the  Bazaar of the Jaos  that is Javanese. Tranqueira, this part of the city was still called  Tengkera. Yler Yler or we call it Hilir roughly covered Buquet China which is bukit cina and the south-eastern coastal area. The important water source for the community is the Well of Buquet China. The Church of the Madre De Deus and the Convent of the Capuchins of Sà £o Francisco is at the Buquet China. Another notable landmark included Buquetpiatto which is built piatu. The extreme boundaries of this unwalled suburb were said to be as far as Buquetpipi and Tanjonpacer. Tanjonpacer or Tanjung Pasir was later renamed Ujong Pasir. A settlement of Portuguese descent community is located there in present day Malacca. This suburb of Yler is now known as Banda Hilir. Sabba The houses on this suburb were built on the water edges of the river. Some of the original Muslim Malay inhabitants of Malacca lived in the swamps of  Nypeiras  tree, where they made  Nypa wine by distillation for trade. This suburb was considered the most rural, being a transition to the Malacca hinterland, where timber and charcoal traffic passed through into the city. Several parishes also lie outside the city along the river. In later periods of Dutch, British and modern day Malacca, the name of Sabba was made obsolete. However, its area encompassed parts of what is now Banda Kaba, Bunga Raya and Kampung Jawa in Malacca city. The monetary system in Malacca In 1511, the ViceRoy of India, Afonso de Albuquerque, invaded Malacca. The Portuguese ruled Malacca for 130 years. In January 1641 the Dutch took hands of Malacca. Portuguese coinage in the East Indies was struck at Malacca from the year of its conquest 1511, until the Dutch occupation in 1641. Base metal coins were struck for the Portuguese sovereign Emmanuel (1495-1521) and his successors, silver from the reign of Philip II (1598-1621) and Philip III (1621-1640). The Portuguese only focus on doing main business after conquers the Malacca. In India and Malacca, the first thing Portuguese will did wherever they were was to strike coins with which to do that business. In 1511, Portuguese were struck a few gold and silver coins and a set of denominations in tin by the governor da Albuquerque opened a European style establishment. Although there was already have a mint in Malacca. The gold and silver were struck mostly to demonstrate sovereignty, and were sent back to Portugal to show the king that he had a new piece of real estate.  There were basically 3 denominations of tin coins struck at the Malacca mint: big ones called bastardo, their tenth, called soldo, and later a tenth soldo, called dinheiro.   The weight relation of the bastardo and soldo started out fairly correct, but the bastardo became light fairly quickly, and the soldo, and later the dinheiro, became tokens.   Latterly, a half dinheiro, or bazaruco, was struck.   Over the 130 years of Portuguese occupation about 20 tin types were struck, in several dozen major and minor varieties.  Ã‚  During the closing decade of the Portuguese period, there were also some silver coins struck at the Malacca mint, for example, tangas, multiples, and fractions.  In addition, a few silver and gold coins were struck at Goa and Lisbon for Malacca. All there are extremely rare. The Portuguese Currency In 1511, during the reign of King Dom Mnuell, the gold and silver coin were struck in Malacca by mind set up by Governor Alfonso DAlbuquerque from the first year of the occupation. Among the initial currency issues were the commemorative Catolico and the Meio Catolico, both minted in gold and, the third commemorative in silver, the Malaques, named after Malacca.   During the reign of King Dom Joao III, the De Castro issue and the Malacca Mint issue are two separate coinages in Malacca. The De Castro issue was struck during the governorship of Dom Joao de Castro, the 4th Viceroy of Indis (1545-1548) was in gold as well as in tin. The gold coins were the Escudo de Sao Tome and the Quarter Escudo de Sao Tome, minted in Lisbon and Goa for circulation in India and the ten Portuguese territories. The tin coins were the Bastardo, Soldo and Dinheiro which were also minted in Lisbon for circulation in Malacca. The coinage of King Dom Sebastiao, the tin coins have the different distinctive between bastardo, Soldo and Dinheiro. On the Bastardo, the armillary sphere was replaced by crossed arrows and the letter S B. The Soldo had either double arrows a or triple arrows and the letters B A, for the Dinheiro, there were at least two issues, one with the armillary and triple arrows; on the other sailing ship replaced by the sphere   During the reign of King Dom Felipe II (1598-1621) there had been no official record of any coins minted at or for Malacca market. Only the silver piece known by us and there is no distinctive tin coins appear to have issued by the Malacca Mint. They were only in four denominationa, the first is Half Tanga, the second is Tanga, the third is Double Tanga and the forth is Quadruple Tanga. This Quadruple Tang was struck between the years 1633-1636 at the Malacca Mint or may be at the Goa Mint specially designed and issued for Malacca. All denominations of silver Tanga of Malacca with the mintmark of A M or M A of the Malacca Mint. Dom Manuel I 1495 1521 second issue Dom Manuel.gifsecond issue Dom Manuel reverse.gif Second issue  1512 1515 (De Brito Patalim ´s coinage). Bastardo, pewter, 49,06 gram, 37,5 mm. Obverse: Sphere with legend around: D(om) M(anuel) P(rimeiro) R(ei) DE PV(rugal) S(enh)OR D(a) I(ndia) E MALA(acca) Reverse: Cross of the Order of Christ with legend around: CRVX XPI NOSTRE SPES VNICA Shaw Kassim 7, E.E.Sim   cfr. E1 35 Third issue Don Manuel reverse.gifThird issue Don Manuel.gif Third Issue  1517 1521 These coins were issued under the authority of a new governor, Dom Aleixo de Menezes, who arrived in Malacca in June 1517. Bastardo, pewter, 13,82 gram, 29 mm. Obverse: Crowned Portuguese shield with inscription around: I EMANVEL R(EX) P(ORTUGALIA) ET A(LGARBIORUM) D(OMINUS)  ¤(G)VINE + (Manuel I King of Portugal and the Algarve, Lord of Guinea). On each side of the shield + V. The type with + V, is not mentioned in E.E.Sim. Reverse: Armillary sphere. H.T.Grogan 1296, Shaw Kassim 14, E.E.Sim %, Sim 20-25 Dom Joà £o III 1521 1557 Dinheiro.gifDinheiro2.gif Dinheiro, pewter, 1,59 gram, 19 mm. Obverse: Cross surrounded be the legend: + IOA(NNES) : III. POR(TUGALIA): ET: AL(GARBIORUM) (John III King of Portugal and the Algarve). Reverse: The Armillary Sphere Shaw Kassim 19, H.T.Grogan 1302, Sim J3.07 Dom Sebastià £o 1557 1578 Half soldo_dinheiro.gifHalf soldo_dinheiro2.gif Half soldo/Dinheiro ?,  pewter, 2,13 gram, 17-19 mm Obverse: Three arrows crossed and tied in the centre between the letters B A. Large dot on each side on the top of the central arrow. The two dots and the B A indicated perhaps it is a 2 bazarucos ? Reverse: The Armillary Sphere. The Zodiacal belt rises from the left to right. Shaw Kassim 25, H.T.Grogan 1312, Sim S.18 Bazaruco2.gifBazaruco.gif Bazaruco, pewter, 1,12 gram, 13 mm Obverse: The crowned Arms of Portugal Reverse: Cross Half soldo2.gifHalf soldo.gif Half Soldo ?, pewter, 2,46 gram, 18,5 mm Obverse: The Crowned Arms of Portugal. Reverse: A sailing ship left. Shaw Kassim 24 Sim S.19 Philip III, 1620 1640 Meia tanga.gifMeia tanga2.gif Meia tanga  (1/2 tanga) 1635, silver, 15-15,5 mm, 1,03 gram. Obverse: Crowned Portuguese shield with mintletters beside A M (Asia Malacca). Reverse: Monogram of value T A, besides D M (De Malacca), below the year 1635. 1 tanga 1631.gif1 tanga2 1631.gif 1 tanga 1631, silver, 17,5 18 mm, 3,05 gram. Obverse: Crowned Portuguese shield with mintletters beside A M (Asia Malacca) Reverse: Monogram of value T A, besides D M (De Malacca), below the year 1631. Mitchener 3156, Sim F3-24 2 tanga.gif2tangabs 2.gif 2 tanga  (half xerafins?) 1631, Silver, 25 mm, 6,04 gram Obververse: Crowned Portuguese shield with mintletters beside A M (Asia Malacca) Reverse: Monogram of value ? T A, besides D M (De Malacca), below the year 1631. The financial system of Portuguese conquer Malacca and other places In all ports controlled by Portuguese, Albuquerque instituted the system of the cartaz. Cartaz was a naval trade license or pass issue by the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean during the sixteeth century, this cartaz system is under the rule of the Portuguese empire. In 1443, Prince Henry the Navigator was initiate the licensing of vessels with consent of the king and the Pope, when he decreed a monopoly on navigation in the west African coast Portuguese Mare clausim policy in the Atlantic Ocean have been starting. All the ships began to be licensed by Portugal, which authorized and supported navigation, encouraging investment in exploration travel by Portuguese and foreigners in exchange for part of the profits. In 1502, the cartazes licensing system was created and the main purpose of this system was to ensure that merchants paid the tax in Portuguese trading posts, guaranteeing its monopoly on the spice trade and other products. It actually bring advantage to local commerce, the low cost of the cartaz system, granting merchant ships protection against pirates and rival state. They protection racket, plus customs duties and some outright piracy, raised the money to defray part of the cost of manning garrisons and maintaining the navy Under cartaz system, every vessel will be receive a document to sail in the Indian coast, no vessel was permitted to sail in the Indian coast without this document, they may risking losing their cargo or being attacked and even sunk by Portuguese. Mainly Muslim, Hindu and Malay merchant ships without this document. Every year, Portuguese fleets patrolled the coasts to require this document. As Portuguese lost influence, the issue of cartazes becomes an important source of income for the crown. The cartaz system enabled the Portuguese to exercise some control over trading networks that they could not dominate. In time, they raised further revenues by selling concessions for specific maritime trade routes to Asian ship-owners. In the mid-16th century, Asian merchants were shipping their goods on Portuguese ships and vice versa. And even the Portuguese ships were crewed by men from Arabia, Malabar, Gujarat, Malaysia and Indonesia, with perhaps one or two Portuguese officers. Pidgin Portuguese became the  lingua franca  of the Indian Ocean ports.